孟加拉国电子废物回收工人血液中的铅、镉和毛发中的汞浓度及其与土壤、灰尘和职业因素的关系

IF 4.5 2区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES International journal of hygiene and environmental health Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114340

Sarker Masud Parvez , Farjana Jahan , Jaynal Abedin , Mahbubur Rahman , Shaikh Sharif Hasan , Nafisa Islam , Nirupam Aich , Mohammad Moniruzzaman , Zahir Islam , Masatake Fujimura , Rubhana Raqib , Luke D. Knibbs , Peter D. Sly

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引用次数: 0

摘要

背景电子废物（e-waste）回收活动会释放出有毒金属，对环境和人类健康造成严重危害。我们评估了生物和环境样本中的金属浓度，并研究了孟加拉国暴露于和未暴露于电子废物的人群中生物铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）和汞（Hg）与土壤和灰尘金属及其他可能的决定因素之间的关联。我们测量了血液中铅 (BPb) 和镉 (BCd) 的浓度以及头发样本中的总汞 (THg)。我们还收集了有关职业和行为因素的数据。在控制潜在协变量的情况下，我们利用弹性网回归（ENET）建立了一组影响因素与作为结果变量的金属之间的关系模型。结果暴露于土壤中的工人的血铅浓度中位数（11.89 μg/dL）和血镉浓度中位数（1.04 μg/L）高于未暴露于土壤中的工人（血铅浓度：3.63 μg/dL；血镉浓度：0.83 μg/L）。土壤中的铅含量每增加 100 ppm，血液中的 ln-Pb（转化值）就会增加（β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.02）。同样，尘埃中的镉含量每增加 1 ppm，ln-镉含量就会增加（β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.07）。从事电子废物活动的年数与 ln-BPb （β = 0.01；95% CI = 0.01，0.02）和 ln-BCd （β = 0.003；95% CI = 0.00，0.05）水平的升高有关。吸烟明显导致 ln-BCd 水平升高（β = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.73）。每周处理 100 千克电子垃圾会导致 ln-BPb 含量增加（β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.01），而受访者对电子垃圾不良影响的了解会降低 ln-BPb 含量（β = -0.14; 95% CI = -0.31, -0.03）。结论：我们的数据表明，有必要对工作场所进行控制，以减少铅和镉的暴露量，并从更广泛的角度看待暴露源。

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Blood lead, cadmium and hair mercury concentrations and association with soil, dust and occupational factors in e-waste recycling workers in Bangladesh

Background

Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities release toxic metals, which pose substantial hazard to the environment and human health. We evaluated metal concentrations in biological and environmental samples, and examined the associations between biological lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) with soil and dust metals, and other possible determinants, among populations exposed and non-exposed to e-waste in Bangladesh.

Methods

A total of 199 e-waste workers and 104 non-exposed individuals were recruited. We measured blood Pb (BPb) and Cd (BCd) concentrations and total Hg (THg) from hair samples. Data were collected on occupational, and behavioral factors. We fitted an elastic net regression (ENET) to model the relationship between a set of influencing factors and metals as outcome variables while controlling for potential covariates.

Results

The median concentrations of BPb (11.89 μg/dL) and BCd (1.04 μg/L) among exposed workers were higher than those of non-exposed workers (BPb: 3.63 μg/dL and BCd: 0.83 μg/L respectively). A 100 ppm increment in soil Pb level was associated with an increase in ln-Pb (transformed) in blood (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.02). Similarly, ln-BCd level increased (β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.07) with every ppm increase in dust Cd level. The number of years worked in e-waste activities was associated with elevated ln-BPb (β = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.02) and ln-BCd levels (β = 0.003; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.05). Smoking significantly contributed to elevated levels of ln-BCd (β = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.73). An increment of 100 kg of e-waste handling per week led to an increase in ln-BPb levels (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.01), while respondents knowledge about adverse impact on e-waste reduced the ln-BPb level (β = −0.14; 95% CI = −0.31, −0.03). Fish consumption frequency had a positive association with THg in hair.

Conclusions

Our data show the need for workplace controls to reduce exposure to Pb and Cd with a broader view of exposure source taken.

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来源期刊

International journal of hygiene and environmental health 医学-传染病学

CiteScore

11.50

自引率

5.00%

发文量

151

审稿时长

22 days

期刊介绍： The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health serves as a multidisciplinary forum for original reports on exposure assessment and the reactions to and consequences of human exposure to the biological, chemical, and physical environment. Research reports, short communications, reviews, scientific comments, technical notes, and editorials will be peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication. Priority will be given to articles on epidemiological aspects of environmental toxicology, health risk assessments, susceptible (sub) populations, sanitation and clean water, human biomonitoring, environmental medicine, and public health aspects of exposure-related outcomes.