M. Maes , M. Gibilaro , P. Chamelot , C. Chiron , S. Chevrel , P. Pinet , L. Massot , J.J. Favier
{"title":"用于 ISRU 应用的熔融氟化盐中的月球模拟物行为","authors":"M. Maes , M. Gibilaro , P. Chamelot , C. Chiron , S. Chevrel , P. Pinet , L. Massot , J.J. Favier","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105854","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the behaviour of a lunar mare crystalline analog dissolved in molten LiF–NaF at 800 °C for the <em>in situ</em> production of metals as a part of In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) research. Molten fluorides have the capability to dissolve metallic oxides, and the Hall-Héroult process uses this kind of media to produce Al from Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.The first step was to compare the individual solubility of the main oxides composing the mare lunar soil (SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and MgO) with the solubility of the crystalline analog using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The species concentration added jointly are lower than the concentration of the same species added separately. Nonetheless, this study showed that LiF–NaF can be used to dissolve the analog with a maximum solubility of 3.9 wt% at 800 °C. Cyclic voltammograms were also used to verify the electroactivity of all oxide species in LiF–NaF, wherein all the main oxides are electroactive except SiO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>. Then electrolyses on different cathodic substrates were performed at different conditions and the obtained cathodic products were analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Despite the non-electroactivity of SiO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, they were extracted in an alloyed form through Under Potential Deposition (UPD). Metallic deposition of other metals such as aluminium and titanium was achieved on carbon electrode. Finally, a synthetic mixture made of the different oxide species with the same chemical composition as the simulant, was investigated as a viable substitute for lunar mare soil. Its electrochemical behaviour was identical to the crystalline lunar simulant showing that our original process based on oxides dissolution is not influenced by the amorphous/crystalline state of the raw material.</p><p>the outputs of LiF–NaF molten process are not critically influenced by the physical state of the lunar regolith.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063324000187/pdfft?md5=ef167a51d1a5b6f322e65e2913b65c38&pid=1-s2.0-S0032063324000187-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Lunar simulant behaviour in molten fluoride salt for ISRU applications\",\"authors\":\"M. Maes , M. Gibilaro , P. Chamelot , C. Chiron , S. Chevrel , P. Pinet , L. Massot , J.J. Favier\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105854\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>This study investigated the behaviour of a lunar mare crystalline analog dissolved in molten LiF–NaF at 800 °C for the <em>in situ</em> production of metals as a part of In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) research. Molten fluorides have the capability to dissolve metallic oxides, and the Hall-Héroult process uses this kind of media to produce Al from Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.The first step was to compare the individual solubility of the main oxides composing the mare lunar soil (SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and MgO) with the solubility of the crystalline analog using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The species concentration added jointly are lower than the concentration of the same species added separately. Nonetheless, this study showed that LiF–NaF can be used to dissolve the analog with a maximum solubility of 3.9 wt% at 800 °C. Cyclic voltammograms were also used to verify the electroactivity of all oxide species in LiF–NaF, wherein all the main oxides are electroactive except SiO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>. Then electrolyses on different cathodic substrates were performed at different conditions and the obtained cathodic products were analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Despite the non-electroactivity of SiO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, they were extracted in an alloyed form through Under Potential Deposition (UPD). Metallic deposition of other metals such as aluminium and titanium was achieved on carbon electrode. Finally, a synthetic mixture made of the different oxide species with the same chemical composition as the simulant, was investigated as a viable substitute for lunar mare soil. Its electrochemical behaviour was identical to the crystalline lunar simulant showing that our original process based on oxides dissolution is not influenced by the amorphous/crystalline state of the raw material.</p><p>the outputs of LiF–NaF molten process are not critically influenced by the physical state of the lunar regolith.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":20054,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Planetary and Space Science\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-03-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063324000187/pdfft?md5=ef167a51d1a5b6f322e65e2913b65c38&pid=1-s2.0-S0032063324000187-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Planetary and Space Science\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"101\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063324000187\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"物理与天体物理\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Planetary and Space Science","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063324000187","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Lunar simulant behaviour in molten fluoride salt for ISRU applications
This study investigated the behaviour of a lunar mare crystalline analog dissolved in molten LiF–NaF at 800 °C for the in situ production of metals as a part of In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) research. Molten fluorides have the capability to dissolve metallic oxides, and the Hall-Héroult process uses this kind of media to produce Al from Al2O3.The first step was to compare the individual solubility of the main oxides composing the mare lunar soil (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO) with the solubility of the crystalline analog using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The species concentration added jointly are lower than the concentration of the same species added separately. Nonetheless, this study showed that LiF–NaF can be used to dissolve the analog with a maximum solubility of 3.9 wt% at 800 °C. Cyclic voltammograms were also used to verify the electroactivity of all oxide species in LiF–NaF, wherein all the main oxides are electroactive except SiO2 and TiO2. Then electrolyses on different cathodic substrates were performed at different conditions and the obtained cathodic products were analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Despite the non-electroactivity of SiO2 and TiO2, they were extracted in an alloyed form through Under Potential Deposition (UPD). Metallic deposition of other metals such as aluminium and titanium was achieved on carbon electrode. Finally, a synthetic mixture made of the different oxide species with the same chemical composition as the simulant, was investigated as a viable substitute for lunar mare soil. Its electrochemical behaviour was identical to the crystalline lunar simulant showing that our original process based on oxides dissolution is not influenced by the amorphous/crystalline state of the raw material.
the outputs of LiF–NaF molten process are not critically influenced by the physical state of the lunar regolith.
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Planetary and Space Science publishes original articles as well as short communications (letters). Ground-based and space-borne instrumentation and laboratory simulation of solar system processes are included. The following fields of planetary and solar system research are covered:
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