Marie Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl, David Hicks, Christophe P. Ribelayaga, Gianluca Tosini
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引用次数: 0
摘要
褪黑激素在调节人体和视网膜的许多生理功能方面发挥着重要作用。视网膜中褪黑激素的合成主要发生在夜间,白天含量较低。视网膜上的褪黑激素主要由感光细胞合成,但合成是否发生在视杆细胞和/或视锥细胞尚不清楚。褪黑激素通过与名为褪黑激素受体 1 型(MT1)和 2 型(MT2)的 G 蛋白偶联受体结合来施加影响。MT1和MT2受体可激活多种信号通路,这两种受体都存在于脊椎动物的感光器中,它们可形成MT1/MT2异构体(MT1/2h)。对啮齿类动物的研究表明,褪黑激素信号在调节视网膜多巴胺水平、视杆细胞/视锥细胞耦合以及视网膜光电图和散光光电图方面发挥着重要作用。此外,褪黑激素在保护光感受器免受氧化应激和防止光感受器凋亡方面也发挥着重要作用。重要的是,褪黑激素信号在衰老过程中参与调节光感受器的活力,其他研究也表明褪黑激素与老年性黄斑变性的发病机制有关。因此,褪黑激素可能是保护光感受器和其他视网膜细胞免受衰老或疾病引起的退化的有效工具。
Melatonin in the mammalian retina: Synthesis, mechanisms of action and neuroprotection
Melatonin is an important player in the regulation of many physiological functions within the body and in the retina. Melatonin synthesis in the retina primarily occurs during the night and its levels are low during the day. Retinal melatonin is primarily synthesized by the photoreceptors, but whether the synthesis occurs in the rods and/or cones is still unclear. Melatonin exerts its influence by binding to G protein-coupled receptors named melatonin receptor type 1 (MT1) and type 2 (MT2). MT1 and MT2 receptors activate a wide variety of signaling pathways and both receptors are present in the vertebrate photoreceptors where they may form MT1/MT2 heteromers (MT1/2h). Studies in rodents have shown that melatonin signaling plays an important role in the regulation of retinal dopamine levels, rod/cone coupling as well as the photopic and scotopic electroretinogram. In addition, melatonin may play an important role in protecting photoreceptors from oxidative stress and can protect photoreceptors from apoptosis. Critically, melatonin signaling is involved in the modulation of photoreceptor viability during aging and other studies have implicated melatonin in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Hence melatonin may represent a useful tool in the fight to protect photoreceptors—and other retinal cells—against degeneration due to aging or diseases.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Pineal Research welcomes original scientific research on the pineal gland and melatonin in vertebrates, as well as the biological functions of melatonin in non-vertebrates, plants, and microorganisms. Criteria for publication include scientific importance, novelty, timeliness, and clarity of presentation. The journal considers experimental data that challenge current thinking and welcomes case reports contributing to understanding the pineal gland and melatonin research. Its aim is to serve researchers in all disciplines related to the pineal gland and melatonin.