Removal of toxic heavy metal by a cost-free and eco-friendly BPAC nanoadsorbent

Water is a very important human need. In Indonesia, particularly on a large scale, the provision of clean and hygienic water is still centered in metropolitan areas and is run by city drinking water organizations. Upon examination of water samples taken from one of the sources, it was discovered that Fe, Mn, Zn, and Pb heavy metal concentrations (1.475, 1.684, 19.635, and 0.294 mg/L) exceeded the requirements for clean water for hygienic and sanitary reasons. Comparing adsorption to other methods, it is generally the easier, more efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and simple to use way. Banana peel-activated carbon (BPAC), banana peel-activated carbon chitosan (BPACh), banana peel glutaraldehyde activated carbon (BPACGl), and banana peel-activated carbon EdTA (BPACEd) have all been used in the synthesis of BPAC nanoadsorbents both without and with additives. According to the results of the AAS analysis, BPACh nanoadsorbents had a greater adsorption percentage than pure BPAC and other materials with additions. BPACh's crystal size was found to range from 7.5 nm at low temperature to 28.5 nm at high temperature, according to structural characterization. Aggregation was detected by surface morphological characterization, and the BPACh material's maximum carbon purity was 88.15%. Contact time and solution pH have an impact on adsorption. At a contact duration of 30 minutes, a stirring speed of 200 rpm, and a solution pH of 6 with 76.97%, the best adsorption took place. Toxic heavy metals can be removed more effectively with BPACh nanoadsorbents.