Updates in the NCEP GFS PBL and Convection Models with Environmental Wind Shear Effect and Modified Entrainment and Detrainment Rates and their Impacts on the GFS Hurricane and CAPE Forecasts

To reduce hurricane intensity bias, the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) planetary boundary layer (PBL) and convection schemes have been updated with a new parameterization for environmental wind shear and enhanced entrainment and detrainment rates with increasing PBL or sub-cloud mean turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in their updraft and downdraft mass-flux schemes. Tests with the GFS show that the updated schemes significantly reduce the hurricane intensity bias by reducing the momentum transport in the mass-flux schemes. Along with the reduced intensity bias, the hurricane intensity and track errors have also been reduced. On the other hand, to reduce the PBL overgrowth over areas with a higher vegetation fraction or larger surface roughness, the entrainment rate in the PBL mass-flux scheme has also been increased with increasing vegetation fraction or increasing surface roughness. This entrainment rate increase has increased near surface moisture, and as a result, helped to increase the underestimated convective available potential energy (CAPE) forecasts over the continental United States.