Constructing metal sulfide-based S-scheme heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic reaction: a mini review of recent advances

Metal sulfides (MSs) have been explored extensively as promising semiconductors for photocatalytic applications in pollutant degradation, CO₂ reduction, and H₂ production. However, pure MSs suffer from several drawbacks, especially rapid electron–hole recombination. The construction of S-scheme heterojunctions has been recommended as one of effective strategies to improve charge separation and transfer, as well as to retain high redox potential electrons and holes to participate in reaction. This paper reviewed recent advances on the construction of MS-based S-scheme heterojunctions with high photocatalytic performances. In particular, various design and construction approaches, including integration with other semiconductors, microstructure control, and interface modulation, were covered along with mechanisms governing the boosted photocatalytic performances. The challenges and prospects in the research about MS-based S-scheme heterojunctions were discussed finally, providing our insight on future research.