Geochemistry and volatile contents of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Mt. Etna tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism

The analysis of olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MIs) from the whole sub-alkaline and alkaline magmatic suites of Mt. Etna provides fundamental information about the composition of undifferentiated magmas and their pristine volatile content. Olivine crystals (Fo_88-66) were selected for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analysis of volatile species (H₂O, CO₂, F, Cl and S) contained in their host MIs, after preliminary high-pressure/high-temperature re-homogenization, which allowed to reduce the developing of cracks in the host olivine and diffusion-driven outgassing of volatiles from the melt inclusions. This permitted to explore the compositional variability of volatiles of undifferentiated melts and the degassing behavior through the feeding system. The studied MIs show significant major elements compositional heterogeneities (44.57–52.37 wt% SiO₂; 3.60–7.51 wt% Na₂O + K₂O). Fractionation modelling was performed with Rhyolite-MELTs under variable fO₂ regimes (∆FMQ + 1.5 to + 3), starting from the less evolved MIs compositions and ultimately reproducing most of the observed compositional trends. Mantle melting modelling was used to replicate the observed MIs composition, starting from a spinel-lherzolitic source, accounting for the alkalinity and Fe content of reproduced melts by varying the eutectic contribution of Amph/Phlog and Opx/Cpx respectively. Although most of the studied MIs were degassed in an open-conduit regime, the observed range of volatile concentration in MIs (2.42–6.14 wt% H₂O; 308–8474 ppm CO₂; 132–697 ppm F; 221–1766 ppm Cl and 16–1992 ppm S) is correlated with a slight decrease in the molar H₂O/(H₂O + CO₂) ratio from early tholeiites to the recent 2015 alkaline products. This observation allows to estimate a minimum 12,250 ppm CO₂ and a maximum of 6.14 wt% H₂O in primary melts of the current activity.