社会等级的统计力学:人类社会结构进化的数学模型

Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI:10.3390/physics6020041
Nestor Caticha, Rafael S. Calsaverini, R. Vicente
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摘要

在人类的进化过程中,社会结构可能从等级制变为平等制,又从平等制变回等级制。在社会物理学的传统下,我们构建了一个由受到认知和社会导航限制的代理人组成的社会的数学模型,并利用统计力学方法预测其等级程度会随着脑化程度的降低而降低,并随着群体规模的扩大而增加,从而表明人类社会在过去的几百万年中由于脑化而从等级结构变为平等结构,又由于新石器时代人口的快速变化而回到等级结构。此外,将该理论应用于不同的问题,可以对现代前文盲人类做出如下预测:(i) 在温和的气候条件下,等级制度处于中间水平。在较恶劣的气候条件下,如果是小群体(少于 100 人),社会将(ii)更加平等,但如果是大群体(多于 1000 人),社会将(iii)更加等级森严。在跨文化的经验记录(《人种图集》中有 248 种文化)中,也可以看到所预测的分叉现象,即阶段性转变的特征。
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Statistical Mechanics of Social Hierarchies: A Mathematical Model for the Evolution of Human Societal Structures
Social structure may have changed from hierarchical to egalitarian and back along the evolutionary line of humans. Within the tradition of sociophysics, we construct a mathematical model of a society of agents subject to competing cognitive and social navigation constraints and predict, using statistical mechanics methods, that its degree of hierarchy decreases with encephalization and increases with group size, hence suggesting human societies were driven from hierarchical to egalitarian structures by the encephalization during the last few million years and back to hierarchical due to fast demographic changes during the Neolithic. In addition, applied to a different problem, the theory leads to the following predictions for modern pre-literary humans: (i) an intermediate hierarchy degree in mild climates. In harsher climates, societies will be (ii) more egalitarian if organized in small groups (of less than 100 persons) but (iii) more hierarchical if in larger (of more than 1000 persons) groups. The predicted bifurcation, characteristic of a phase transition, is also seen in the empirical cross-cultural record (248 cultures in the Ethnographic Atlas).
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