Water–energy network provisioning services in Harare, Zimbabwe

Water–energy systems are interlinked. Energy is used in the treatment and pumping of water. Water is used to generate electricity. Effective and efficient water–energy network provisioning satisfies households’ basic human needs. Most local authorities of developing countries have seen water and energy scarcity in the face of climate change. The research aims to understand the interlinkage of water–energy services and to develop integrated and innovative green solutions in line with sustainable development goals. This study explores water and energy network provisioning to promote an integrated approach to planning and managing service delivery in Harare, Zimbabwe. The paper also establishes how water and energy provisioning challenges have affected main domestic activities.. The study embraced a sequential mixed-method approach. In-depth interviews were used to solicit information from relevant departments and focus group discussions from communities. A total of 314 questionnaires were administered to five communities based on five settlement classifications. The study hinges on the ‘collective action theory’. Findings revealed poor governance issues, including lack of finance and lack of public participation in water and energy service delivery. Integration of sectors and community participation can improve the provision of water–energy services and contribute to reducing carbon emissions through greening households.