This work outlines the performance of three variants of deep neural networks for leak detection in water distribution networks, namely – autoencoders (AEs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and long short-term memory autoencoders (LSTM-AEs). The multivariate pressure signals reconstructed from these models are analysed for leakage identification. The leak onset time is estimated using a fast approximation sliding window technique, which computes statistical discrepancies in prediction errors. The performance of all three variants is validated using the widely studied L-Town benchmark network. Furthermore, their feasibility for real-world application is studied by applying them to a real-world case study representing the data availability and network design often found in smaller- and medium-sized utilities in Norway. The results for the benchmark network showed that AE and LSTM-AE showed comparable detection performance for abrupt leaks with VAE performing the least. For incipient leaks, the LSTM-AE showed better detection performance with few false-positives. For the real-world dataset, the performance was significantly lower due to the quantity and quality of data available, and the contradiction of inherent requirements of data-driven models. In addition, the analysis revealed that the positioning of pressure sensors in the network is critical for the leak detection performance of these models.
{"title":"The performance of encoder–decoder neural networks for leak detection in water distribution networks","authors":"P. Mohan Doss, M. Rokstad, F. Tscheikner-Gratl","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.174","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This work outlines the performance of three variants of deep neural networks for leak detection in water distribution networks, namely – autoencoders (AEs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and long short-term memory autoencoders (LSTM-AEs). The multivariate pressure signals reconstructed from these models are analysed for leakage identification. The leak onset time is estimated using a fast approximation sliding window technique, which computes statistical discrepancies in prediction errors. The performance of all three variants is validated using the widely studied L-Town benchmark network. Furthermore, their feasibility for real-world application is studied by applying them to a real-world case study representing the data availability and network design often found in smaller- and medium-sized utilities in Norway. The results for the benchmark network showed that AE and LSTM-AE showed comparable detection performance for abrupt leaks with VAE performing the least. For incipient leaks, the LSTM-AE showed better detection performance with few false-positives. For the real-world dataset, the performance was significantly lower due to the quantity and quality of data available, and the contradiction of inherent requirements of data-driven models. In addition, the analysis revealed that the positioning of pressure sensors in the network is critical for the leak detection performance of these models.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Floodplains in natural rivers are curved and narrow, rather than following a straight path and the presence of vegetation and varying depth of flow affects the flow parameters of the channels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the convergence of the channel and relative depth of flow on the depth-averaged velocity (DAV) and boundary shear stress (BSS) of a converging compound channel. The effect of vegetation on DAV and BSS was also deliberated. To examine the effect of vegetation, synthetic grass 8 cm in height was used as a flexible vegetation to depict the natural conditions of the rivers. The DAV was calculated using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and the measurement of BSS was done using the Preston tube technique. After analysing the data, it was revealed that as the convergence of floodplains increases, maximum DAV increases. The presence of vegetation reduces the velocity specifically at lower flow depths. BSS increases with the convergence as well as vegetation. This research provides valuable data and results which will be helpful in better flood management, river restoration, and designing effective hydraulic structures.
{"title":"Impact of flexible vegetation on hydraulic characteristics in compound channels with converging floodplains","authors":"Noopur Awasthi, Munendra Kumar, Ritu Raj","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.172","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Floodplains in natural rivers are curved and narrow, rather than following a straight path and the presence of vegetation and varying depth of flow affects the flow parameters of the channels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the convergence of the channel and relative depth of flow on the depth-averaged velocity (DAV) and boundary shear stress (BSS) of a converging compound channel. The effect of vegetation on DAV and BSS was also deliberated. To examine the effect of vegetation, synthetic grass 8 cm in height was used as a flexible vegetation to depict the natural conditions of the rivers. The DAV was calculated using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and the measurement of BSS was done using the Preston tube technique. After analysing the data, it was revealed that as the convergence of floodplains increases, maximum DAV increases. The presence of vegetation reduces the velocity specifically at lower flow depths. BSS increases with the convergence as well as vegetation. This research provides valuable data and results which will be helpful in better flood management, river restoration, and designing effective hydraulic structures.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. U. Hasan, Nadeem Akhtar, A. Rai, Mohd Amir Khan, Faisal M. Alfaisal, R. S. Alharbi, Khalid S. Hashim
This study assesses drought in the Ganga River Basin using SPI, GRACE-DSI, and VCI via GIS and non-parametric tests. Future SPI trends show increasing drought severity from 1986 to 2020. GRACE-DSI analysis (2002–2020) indicates a potential rise in drought conditions. VCI computations reveal vegetation health dynamics. Findings suggest an impending severe drought in the Ganga Basin, necessitating urgent water resource management. Drought causes are linked to precipitation changes and resource over-exploitation in changing climate conditions. The study emphasizes implementing measures like water conservation, sustainable land use, and groundwater recharge strategies to mitigate drought impacts.
{"title":"Climatic teleconnection of the future trend of meteorological, GRACE-DSI, and vegetation-conditioned-based drought analysis in the Ganga Basin","authors":"M. U. Hasan, Nadeem Akhtar, A. Rai, Mohd Amir Khan, Faisal M. Alfaisal, R. S. Alharbi, Khalid S. Hashim","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.173","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study assesses drought in the Ganga River Basin using SPI, GRACE-DSI, and VCI via GIS and non-parametric tests. Future SPI trends show increasing drought severity from 1986 to 2020. GRACE-DSI analysis (2002–2020) indicates a potential rise in drought conditions. VCI computations reveal vegetation health dynamics. Findings suggest an impending severe drought in the Ganga Basin, necessitating urgent water resource management. Drought causes are linked to precipitation changes and resource over-exploitation in changing climate conditions. The study emphasizes implementing measures like water conservation, sustainable land use, and groundwater recharge strategies to mitigate drought impacts.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water rights trading policy is an important economic tool in China's water resource management. Accurately estimating the level of water resource utilization efficiency in experimental areas and impartially assessing the impact of the water rights trading market's operation on water resource utilization efficiency have policy implications for improving water resource governance tools and capabilities. Based on the panel data of 19 provinces (regions) in China from 2010 to 2019, this paper describes the development of a three-stage data envelopment analysis model to measure water use efficiency and the application of the difference-in-differences method based on propensity score matching (PSM-DID) to examine the effect of water rights trading policies on the model. The results indicate that (1) after the introduction of the water rights trading policy, the water use efficiency in the experimental areas improved substantially; (2) the PSM-DID method also confirms this finding, and water rights trading has a positive influence on water use efficiency. The research outcomes of this study can be used to objectively appraise the policy performance of the water rights trading policy and provide a theoretical foundation for its nationwide implementation.
{"title":"Does water rights trading promote the efficiency of water use? Empirical evidence from pilot water rights trading in China","authors":"Tao Xu, Zheng Wu, Guiliang Tian, Ziteng Shi","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.171","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Water rights trading policy is an important economic tool in China's water resource management. Accurately estimating the level of water resource utilization efficiency in experimental areas and impartially assessing the impact of the water rights trading market's operation on water resource utilization efficiency have policy implications for improving water resource governance tools and capabilities. Based on the panel data of 19 provinces (regions) in China from 2010 to 2019, this paper describes the development of a three-stage data envelopment analysis model to measure water use efficiency and the application of the difference-in-differences method based on propensity score matching (PSM-DID) to examine the effect of water rights trading policies on the model. The results indicate that (1) after the introduction of the water rights trading policy, the water use efficiency in the experimental areas improved substantially; (2) the PSM-DID method also confirms this finding, and water rights trading has a positive influence on water use efficiency. The research outcomes of this study can be used to objectively appraise the policy performance of the water rights trading policy and provide a theoretical foundation for its nationwide implementation.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessment of surface water is essential for an accurate water management plan. The present investigation was focused on quality analysis, treatment, and economic feasibility of the River Neora, a source of raw water in the fringe area of the Neora-Valley National Park, India. Pearson's correlations showed a positive correlation (0.629) between temperature and total solids (TS), whereas a negative correlation (−0.23) for dissolved oxygen with other parameters. In ANOVA, F-value (>1) was obtained for all the parameters except BOD5. The water quality index (WQI) was determined to find out whether the river water meets the drinking water requirements for local inhabitants in the lower fringe. A high coliform count (approximately 4.5/100 mL) in downstream further warranted to design of an advanced treatment, the electrochemical oxidation batch reactor. To maintain the water quality grade, the estimation of water benefits was mandatory. The water consumption for domestic and non-domestic purposes was calculated at 5,314,400 and 1,470,000,000 L/yr, respectively. Obtainability and no tax coverage might have led to the overexploitation of water, which paved the way for monetary evaluation (695.29 US$). This study provided an overview of the potential of River Neora, which can be restored in the long run by adopting the water development policies by the government.
{"title":"Water quality analysis, treatment, and economic feasibility of water services of the Neora River in the fringe area of Neora-Valley National Park, India","authors":"Sahana Mukherjee, Jayeeta Saha, Neha Sharma, Sovik Das, Shiva Shankar Chaturvedi","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.168","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Assessment of surface water is essential for an accurate water management plan. The present investigation was focused on quality analysis, treatment, and economic feasibility of the River Neora, a source of raw water in the fringe area of the Neora-Valley National Park, India. Pearson's correlations showed a positive correlation (0.629) between temperature and total solids (TS), whereas a negative correlation (−0.23) for dissolved oxygen with other parameters. In ANOVA, F-value (>1) was obtained for all the parameters except BOD5. The water quality index (WQI) was determined to find out whether the river water meets the drinking water requirements for local inhabitants in the lower fringe. A high coliform count (approximately 4.5/100 mL) in downstream further warranted to design of an advanced treatment, the electrochemical oxidation batch reactor. To maintain the water quality grade, the estimation of water benefits was mandatory. The water consumption for domestic and non-domestic purposes was calculated at 5,314,400 and 1,470,000,000 L/yr, respectively. Obtainability and no tax coverage might have led to the overexploitation of water, which paved the way for monetary evaluation (695.29 US$). This study provided an overview of the potential of River Neora, which can be restored in the long run by adopting the water development policies by the government.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141811236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed Naziq S., Sathyamoorthy N. K., Dheebakaran Ga, P. S., Vadivel N.
Efficient irrigation scheduling is essential for optimizing crop yields and water-use efficiency. This review examines crop simulation models and methods for improving irrigation management, with a focus on integrating weather forecast data. The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) developed models such as AquaCrop, WOFOST (WOrld FOod Studies), DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer), and APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator), exploring the incorporation of forecasted ETo (reference evapotranspiration) calculated based on forecasted values of weather through the Penman-Monteith method and rainfall data into the models using modified rule-based approaches with various forecast horizons, which enhances irrigation planning. Optimization methods, including genetic algorithms coupled with crop models, are also assessed and have shown significant water savings and profit gains compared with traditional farming practices. Emerging real-time irrigation scheduling tools, including simulation-optimization, field data assimilation, and human–machine interactions, further improve productivity and water conservation. Studies have also shown that web-based decision support using satellite remote sensing and crop models can be used to effectively monitor crop water status and predict real-time irrigation needs. Ongoing innovations like coupling crop models with optimization techniques, weather forecasting, remote sensing, and recommendations based on field experiments have shown promise for transforming irrigation planning and management.
{"title":"Coupled weather and crop simulation modeling for smart irrigation planning: a review","authors":"Mohamed Naziq S., Sathyamoorthy N. K., Dheebakaran Ga, P. S., Vadivel N.","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.170","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Efficient irrigation scheduling is essential for optimizing crop yields and water-use efficiency. This review examines crop simulation models and methods for improving irrigation management, with a focus on integrating weather forecast data. The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) developed models such as AquaCrop, WOFOST (WOrld FOod Studies), DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer), and APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator), exploring the incorporation of forecasted ETo (reference evapotranspiration) calculated based on forecasted values of weather through the Penman-Monteith method and rainfall data into the models using modified rule-based approaches with various forecast horizons, which enhances irrigation planning. Optimization methods, including genetic algorithms coupled with crop models, are also assessed and have shown significant water savings and profit gains compared with traditional farming practices. Emerging real-time irrigation scheduling tools, including simulation-optimization, field data assimilation, and human–machine interactions, further improve productivity and water conservation. Studies have also shown that web-based decision support using satellite remote sensing and crop models can be used to effectively monitor crop water status and predict real-time irrigation needs. Ongoing innovations like coupling crop models with optimization techniques, weather forecasting, remote sensing, and recommendations based on field experiments have shown promise for transforming irrigation planning and management.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real-time control (RTC) methods have been developed for over one decade to regulate service pressure and reduce leakage using pressure control valves in water distribution networks (WDN). The present study investigates control node selection frameworks and RTC system architecture for the field-oriented control of a rural WDN. The unique topology of the case-study area, the small size of the area, and high-pressure variety increased the considerations of the RTC system. A computer code was developed based on the method of characteristics for the hydraulic simulation of the network. The code could analyze unsteady flows through sloped pipes, implement pressure-based analysis, and regulate control valves based on the target node. Leakage reduction, pressure fluctuation reduction, and cavitation prevention were used as three criteria and constraints in the selection of control nodes. It was found that the optimal strategy would reduce the real water loss from 25 to 10%. Furthermore, key parameters in remote sensing were evaluated to minimize the number of sensors in order to further simplify the control algorithm and RTC system architecture through an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The control function with a convergence rate of 99% was introduced.
{"title":"3D criteria to improve real-time pressure control in water distribution network system architecture","authors":"Saeid Mohammadzade Negharchi, R. Shafaghat","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.166","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Real-time control (RTC) methods have been developed for over one decade to regulate service pressure and reduce leakage using pressure control valves in water distribution networks (WDN). The present study investigates control node selection frameworks and RTC system architecture for the field-oriented control of a rural WDN. The unique topology of the case-study area, the small size of the area, and high-pressure variety increased the considerations of the RTC system. A computer code was developed based on the method of characteristics for the hydraulic simulation of the network. The code could analyze unsteady flows through sloped pipes, implement pressure-based analysis, and regulate control valves based on the target node. Leakage reduction, pressure fluctuation reduction, and cavitation prevention were used as three criteria and constraints in the selection of control nodes. It was found that the optimal strategy would reduce the real water loss from 25 to 10%. Furthermore, key parameters in remote sensing were evaluated to minimize the number of sensors in order to further simplify the control algorithm and RTC system architecture through an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The control function with a convergence rate of 99% was introduced.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundwater level dynamics reflect the relationship between groundwater recharge and discharge, and changes in groundwater resources. To effectively manage and protect groundwater resources, it is necessary to analyze spatial and temporal changes in groundwater levels and the underlying reasons. Results indicate that groundwater levels in the study area have declined, particularly in the irrigation area. Specifically, from 2000 to 2020, the area with groundwater levels <10 m deep decreased by 71.41%, the area with groundwater levels within the range of 10–50 m increased by 26.19%, and the area >50 m deep increased by 167.38%. Results indicate that groundwater levels in the study area have declined, particularly in the irrigation area. Human activities, such as groundwater extraction for cropland expansion, are the primary factors contributing to declining groundwater levels in the plains. Therefore, based on the research results, we need to make efforts to develop non-traditional water resources to alleviate the scarcity of groundwater resources, further strengthen water resources monitoring and regulation, vigorously develop water-saving measures and drought-resistant crops, raise public awareness of water conservation, to ensure the rational utilization of groundwater resources.
{"title":"Characteristics and causes of groundwater level dynamics in the Changji oasis on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, China","authors":"Xin Hu, Wu Bin, Gao Fan, Mingliang Du","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.165","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Groundwater level dynamics reflect the relationship between groundwater recharge and discharge, and changes in groundwater resources. To effectively manage and protect groundwater resources, it is necessary to analyze spatial and temporal changes in groundwater levels and the underlying reasons. Results indicate that groundwater levels in the study area have declined, particularly in the irrigation area. Specifically, from 2000 to 2020, the area with groundwater levels <10 m deep decreased by 71.41%, the area with groundwater levels within the range of 10–50 m increased by 26.19%, and the area >50 m deep increased by 167.38%. Results indicate that groundwater levels in the study area have declined, particularly in the irrigation area. Human activities, such as groundwater extraction for cropland expansion, are the primary factors contributing to declining groundwater levels in the plains. Therefore, based on the research results, we need to make efforts to develop non-traditional water resources to alleviate the scarcity of groundwater resources, further strengthen water resources monitoring and regulation, vigorously develop water-saving measures and drought-resistant crops, raise public awareness of water conservation, to ensure the rational utilization of groundwater resources.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Local scour is one of the main causes of the bridge collapse. It occurs when the flow erodes the sediments surrounding the bridge's piers. This experimental study aims to find an innovative approach for armoring the bed using nano clay to mitigate the erodibility of non-uniform sand beds. Additionally, the study investigates the nano clay-sand bed under various hydraulic conditions, with different pier diameters to determine the optimal nano clay ratio for minimizing local scour around a cylindrical bridge pier. This study indicates that the nano clay could be used effectively to reduce the local scour depth, with an optimum ratio of 0.25% when the flow shallowness is less than 1.4 and an optimum ratio of 0.5% for the flow shallowness between 1.4 and 2. Notably, a significant reduction of up to 68% in local scour depth is observed out of all experiments. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the influence of nano clay on other factors related to local scour depth. It presents a predictive equation that can be used to estimate the depth of local scour in a bed composed of nano clay and non-uniform sand. This equation is derived from the obtained data from this experimental investigation.
{"title":"An experimental investigation for the determination of the optimum ratio of nano clay for reducing local scour around a cylindrical bridge pier","authors":"Abubaker Sami Dheyab, Mustafa Günal","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.164","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Local scour is one of the main causes of the bridge collapse. It occurs when the flow erodes the sediments surrounding the bridge's piers. This experimental study aims to find an innovative approach for armoring the bed using nano clay to mitigate the erodibility of non-uniform sand beds. Additionally, the study investigates the nano clay-sand bed under various hydraulic conditions, with different pier diameters to determine the optimal nano clay ratio for minimizing local scour around a cylindrical bridge pier. This study indicates that the nano clay could be used effectively to reduce the local scour depth, with an optimum ratio of 0.25% when the flow shallowness is less than 1.4 and an optimum ratio of 0.5% for the flow shallowness between 1.4 and 2. Notably, a significant reduction of up to 68% in local scour depth is observed out of all experiments. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the influence of nano clay on other factors related to local scour depth. It presents a predictive equation that can be used to estimate the depth of local scour in a bed composed of nano clay and non-uniform sand. This equation is derived from the obtained data from this experimental investigation.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in China, many public institutions have started to decarbonise their energy consumption sectors, saving water and indirectly reducing energy consumption by controlling leaks in water supply networks. Universities receive more attention for their huge water consumption. The campus water supply system of a university in Xi'an was selected as the study object. Through real-time monitoring of the water consumption of the water supply network system, flow trends and leakage characteristics were analysed in conjunction with changes in water consumption, and WB-Easy Calc (water balance analysis software) proposed by the International Water Association was used to calibrate and evaluate the system for leakage. The results show that: with each building as a separate metering zone, the minimum night-time flow rate of the university occurs between 2:00 and 5:00 a.m., and the WB-Easy Calc analysis can obtain more accurate apparent leakage; therefore, the combination of the water balance method and the minimum night-time flow rate method can effectively assess the water use and leakage of the university, which is a good inspiration for assessing the water-saving potential of the university and formulating the corresponding water-saving measures.
{"title":"Leakage assessment of water supply networks in a university based on WB-Easy Calc and night minimum flow: a case study in Xi'an","authors":"Bo Zhang, Jingtai Zhang, Jiaqing Xiong","doi":"10.2166/ws.2024.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.163","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in China, many public institutions have started to decarbonise their energy consumption sectors, saving water and indirectly reducing energy consumption by controlling leaks in water supply networks. Universities receive more attention for their huge water consumption. The campus water supply system of a university in Xi'an was selected as the study object. Through real-time monitoring of the water consumption of the water supply network system, flow trends and leakage characteristics were analysed in conjunction with changes in water consumption, and WB-Easy Calc (water balance analysis software) proposed by the International Water Association was used to calibrate and evaluate the system for leakage. The results show that: with each building as a separate metering zone, the minimum night-time flow rate of the university occurs between 2:00 and 5:00 a.m., and the WB-Easy Calc analysis can obtain more accurate apparent leakage; therefore, the combination of the water balance method and the minimum night-time flow rate method can effectively assess the water use and leakage of the university, which is a good inspiration for assessing the water-saving potential of the university and formulating the corresponding water-saving measures.","PeriodicalId":509977,"journal":{"name":"Water Supply","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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