家庭暴力和虐待(婚内虐待、虐待儿童和虐待老人):流行病学方面和心理病理学方法

IF 0.5 4区 医学 Q4 PSYCHIATRY Annales medico-psychologiques Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.amp.2023.12.014
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引用次数: 0

摘要

家庭内部暴力和虐待包括未明确认定为暴力侵害妇女行为的家庭暴力、虐待和暴力侵害儿童或老年亲属的行为。本条提供了暴力和虐待概念的法律定义。虐待实际上与法国1994年《刑法典》中出现的 "脆弱性 "概念密不可分。本文总结了目前法国和世界范围内的流行病学数据,并强调了法国和世界其他地区对家庭暴力的明显低估。法国的一项调查报告称,1997 年有 5 万名妇女成为强奸受害者,最近又有 22.5 万名妇女称自己是家庭暴力的受害者。2021 年,发生了 143 起家庭暴力谋杀案,其中 85%涉及妇女。这种暴力的机制通常被描述为由紧张气氛、攻击、丧失能力和缓解(施暴者悔改)四个循环阶段交替进行。从心理动力学的角度来看,弗洛伊德最初提出的 "上升 "现象使我们有可能理解受害者对施暴者的屈服。这种现象可能导致施暴者无法认识到他人(受害者)的他者性。系统方法回顾了循环因果关系的概念,使受害者成为系统的一部分,但不否认施暴者对其行为负有责任。这样做的后果通常是,受害者对自我的描述非常消极,对施暴者的依赖性增加。多年来,司法界和临床界一直主张通过下达接受治疗的禁令来处理夫妻间暴力的施暴者。这也包括同意这些治疗建议的受害者。2018年,法国的虐童案件涉及35000多名儿童。在80%的案件中,施暴者是受害者的父母之一。虐待行为从心理暴力(约30%)到性暴力(3.6%)不等。据估计,2014 年全球儿童遭受身体暴力的比例为 5%至 35%。15%至30%的女童和5%至15%的男童被认为遭受过某种形式的性暴力。儿童年龄小是第一个风险因素,因为2011年50%的暴力死亡事件涉及到4个月以下的儿童。从心理动力学的角度来看,虐待和暴力会对儿童的人格造成持久的创伤。一些作者提到了由此导致的依恋障碍和类似斯德哥尔摩综合症的行为。此外,在神经科学领域,反复的创伤被认为会导致警告性神经解剖结构和记忆结构之间的中断,阻止将事件作为时空连续体中的表征进行记忆,而仅将其作为一种强烈的压力信号保留下来。除了暴力致死和直接的面部创伤外,这种虐待还导致一生的身心健康岌岌可危。虐待老年人已成为全球社会的一个事实。这种现象可能影响到全世界 141 000 000 人,在法国就有近 7 000 人。受害者通常是妇女、寡妇、受抚养人和有一定经济能力的人。据报告,施暴者往往是疲惫不堪的照顾者,但这并不能解释涉及金钱的虐待为何如此频繁。举报后提起诉讼的情况很少见。无论是在法国还是在全球范围内,对家庭内部暴力的低估都是显而易见的,这是否与报告此类事件所涉及的问题有关,还是与对虐待的模糊定义有关。本文强调了与针对妇女和儿童的暴力事件相比,针对老年人的暴力事件更少向法院报告。最后,作者提出了一种心理病理学方法、神经科学见解以及对家庭内暴力和虐待的治疗观点。
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Violences et maltraitances intrafamiliales (conjugales, infantiles et sur personnes âgées) : aspects épidémiologiques et approche psychopathologique
Intra-familial violence and abuse includes domestic violence that is not specifically identified as violence against women, abuse and violence against children or elderly relatives. This article provides a legal definition of the notions of violence and abuse. Abuse is virtually inseparable from the notion of vulnerability, which appeared in the 1994 Penal Code in France. The present article summarizes current epidemiological data in France and worldwide and highlights the obvious underestimation of domestic violence both in France and in other parts of the world. One French survey reported that in 1997, 50,000 women were victims of rape and more recently, that 225,000 women had reported being victims of domestic violence. In 2021, there were 143 murders in the context of domestic violence, 85% of which involved women. The mechanisms of this violence are usually described as consisting of 4 cyclic phases alternating between a climate of tension, aggression, disempowerment, and remission (repentance on the part of the perpetrator). From a psychodynamic viewpoint, the phenomenon of ascendancy, initially conceptualized by Freud, makes it possible to understand the submission of the victim towards the aggressor. This phenomenon can lead to the inability of the perpetrator to recognize the otherness of the other (the victim). Systemic approaches recall the notion of circular causality, making the victim part of the system without denying the responsibility for his acts on the part of the perpetrator. The consequences are usually very negative representations of self for the victim and an increased dependence toward the aggressor. The judicial and clinical world has for several years advocated dealing with perpetrators of conjugal violence by issuing an injunction to submit to treatment. This can also include victims who consent to these therapeutic proposals. Child abuse in France involved more than 35,000 children in 2018. In 80% of the cases, the perpetrators were one of the victim's parents. The abuse ranged from psychological violence (about 30%) to sexual violence (3.6%). Globally, the prevalence of physical violence against children was estimated to concern from 5 to 35% of children in 2014. Fifteen to 30% of girls versus 5 to 15% of boys are thought to have suffered some form of sexual violence. The tender age of the child is the first risk factor, given that 50% of violent deaths in 2011 concerned subjects under the age of four months. From a psychodynamic perspective, child abuse and violence induce trauma with lasting effects on the personality. Several authors mention resulting attachment disorders and behaviors similar to the Stockholm syndrome. Furthermore, in the neurosciences, repeated trauma is considered to lead to disruption between warning neuroanatomical structures and memorization structures, preventing the memorization of events as representations in a space-time continuum, and retaining them only as a strong stress signal. In addition to violent deaths and immediate traumatic facial injuries, this abuse leads to precarious physical and mental health throughout life. The abuse of older people has become a fact of society worldwide. This phenomenon potentially affects 141,000,000 people worldwide and nearly 7000 people in France. The victims are most often women, widows, and dependents and with some financial resources. The perpetrators are often reported to be exhausted caregivers, but this does not explain the frequency of abuse involving money. Prosecutions after the facts are reported are rare. There is an obvious, underestimation of intra-familial violence both in France and globally, whether this relates to the problems involved in reporting such incidents, or to the ambiguous definitions attributed to abuse. This article underlines how violence against the elderly is less often reported to the courts than those against women and children. Finally, the authors propose a psychopathological approach, neuroscientific insights and therapeutic perspectives on intra-family violence and abuse.
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来源期刊
Annales medico-psychologiques
Annales medico-psychologiques 医学-精神病学
CiteScore
1.30
自引率
33.30%
发文量
196
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: The Annales Médico-Psychologiques is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the field of psychiatry. Articles are published in French or in English. The journal was established in 1843 and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Société Médico-Psychologique. The journal publishes 10 times a year original articles covering biological, genetic, psychological, forensic and cultural issues relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, as well as peer reviewed articles that have been presented and discussed during meetings of the Société Médico-Psychologique.To report on the major currents of thought of contemporary psychiatry, and to publish clinical and biological research of international standard, these are the aims of the Annales Médico-Psychologiques.
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editorial board Construction et validation d’un questionnaire d’évaluation des compétences cognitives et de l’état affectif et émotionnel des personnes polyhandicapées : l’Évaluation–Cognition–Polyhandicap (ECP) Reconnaître et gérer les conséquences du harcèlement dans l’espace « public » Suivi longitudinal des patients psychiatriques médico-légaux : focus sur les taux de récidive et les scores de risque Violences et maltraitances intrafamiliales (conjugales, infantiles et sur personnes âgées) : aspects épidémiologiques et approche psychopathologique
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