<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cognitive restraint (CR) is a behavioural pattern characterised by individuals deliberately restricting their food intake to achieve weight loss or prevent weight gain. CR is currently the most comprehensive theoretical framework for elucidating the ineffectiveness of conventional weight loss strategies and the associated cognitive, emotional, and behavioural challenges, including the dysregulation of eating patterns that can contribute to the development of eating disorders. While various tools exist to assess CR, these typically focus solely on its behavioural aspects. Since its inception in 1998, the <em>Groupe de Réflexion sur l’Obésité et le Surpoids</em> (G.R.O.S.) has been investigating the underlying factors influencing these behaviours, drawing upon contemporary cognitive-behavioural and emotional therapy models. In 2009, the G.R.O.S. developed the Cognitive Restraint Assessment Questionnaire (CRAQ), a comprehensive measurement instrument whose validity has been subject to scrutiny and requires further examination.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to validate the ten dimensions of the CRAQ and conduct a statistical comparison of three distinct factorial groupings identified in existing literature or clinical practice: a unifactorial grouping (CRAQ total score), a three-factor statistical grouping retrieved by Rabemampianina et El-Hage in 2009, and a five-factor clinical grouping.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>To validate the proposed structure of the 10-dimensional measure, a three-step process was employed. Firstly, principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to explore the underlying factorial structure of the 10 dimensions independently. Secondly, a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed to test the hypothesised factor structures. The first series of CFA examined the 10 dimensions, and their underlying structure identified in the PCA at step 1. Subsequently, a second series of CFA was conducted to assess the three-factorial structure, based on the 10 factors retrieved during the first series of CFA. Finally, a comparison of the performance for the three non-nested models (five-factor, three-factor, and a single-factor model) was undertaken to determine the optimal model. Data were collected from a French sample of 452 individuals. Participants were recruited from two sources: (1) psychological files of patients routinely followed at the Clinique Saint-Louis de Poissy, and (2) individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study through social media platforms (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter/X).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Step 1: a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the underlying factor structure of the 10-dimensional measure. Prior to the analysis, assumptions were tested to ensure the suitability of the 10 dimensions for factor analysis. The PCA revealed a complex factor structure. Six dimensions demonstrated
认知约束（CR）是一种行为模式，其特征是个体故意限制他们的食物摄入量，以达到减肥或防止体重增加。CR是目前最全面的理论框架，用于阐明传统减肥策略的无效以及相关的认知、情绪和行为挑战，包括可能导致饮食失调的饮食模式失调。虽然存在各种评估企业社会责任的工具，但这些工具通常只关注其行为方面。自1998年成立以来，研究小组（G.R.O.S.）一直在研究影响这些行为的潜在因素，利用当代认知行为和情绪治疗模型。2009年，G.R.O.S.开发了认知约束评估问卷（CRAQ），这是一种综合性的测量工具，其有效性有待进一步审查和进一步研究。目的本研究旨在验证CRAQ的十个维度，并对现有文献或临床实践中发现的三种不同的因子分组进行统计比较：单因子分组（CRAQ总分）、Rabemampianina et El-Hage于2009年检索的三因子统计分组和五因子临床分组。方法采用三步法对所提出的10维测量结构进行验证。首先进行主成分分析（PCA），独立探索10个维度的潜在因子结构。其次，进行了一系列验证性因素分析（CFA）来检验假设的因素结构。CFA的第一个系列检查了10个维度，以及它们在步骤1中在PCA中确定的底层结构。随后，基于在第一个CFA系列中检索到的10个因素，进行了第二个CFA系列来评估三因子结构。最后，对三种非嵌套模型（五因素、三因素和单因素模型）的性能进行比较，以确定最优模型。数据收集自法国452人的样本。参与者来自两个来源：(1)圣路易德普瓦西诊所常规随访患者的心理档案；(2)通过社交媒体平台（LinkedIn、Facebook、Twitter/X）自愿同意参与研究的个人。结果第一步：采用主成分分析（PCA）对10维测度的潜在因素结构进行检验。在分析之前，对假设进行了检验，以确保因子分析的10个维度的适用性。主成分分析揭示了复杂的因子结构。六个维度显示了一个清晰的单因素结构。三个维度（恐惧、认知约束和控制策略）呈现双因素结构。进食感觉维度显示了一个四因素结构。步骤2：进行一系列CFAs来检验从PCA（一阶阶乘结构）中得出的假设因子结构。所有维度及其潜在的因子结构都得到了确认，除了进食感觉维度的四因素结构存在问题。为了解决这个问题，进行了事后分析，以确定该维度的最精简因素结构（排除维度，单因素或四因素结构）。结果表明，进食感觉的单因素结构对CRAQ总分的预测有显著贡献。此外，通过第二系列的CFA，所有二阶因子结构都得到了确认（五因素、三因素和单因素模型）。步骤3：三个非嵌套模型的性能比较突出了基于临床的组织的重要性，该组织描述了五个因素，提供了更细致入微的干预方法。结论本研究旨在验证CRAQ的十维结构，并评估三个备选因子结构的心理测量特性。我们的研究结果为CRAQ的结构效度提供了强有力的实证支持。最初的PCA揭示了一个潜在的复杂的十个维度的因素结构，其中一些表现出多因子模式。此外，与三因素或单因素模型相比，二阶五因素临床组织表现出更好的拟合。五因素结构为细致评估CR决定因素提供了特别有价值的工具，促进了更有针对性的患者管理。这种方法有可能通过关注功能障碍维度来减轻患者在治疗期间的损耗，并由于更有效的干预而降低复发率。 考虑到饮食控制（包括食物信念和控制策略）在维持综合征和亚综合征性饮食失调方面的关键作用，对这一层面进行彻底评估对于突出潜在的脆弱性尤为重要。验证CRAQ的第一步需要在不同的人群中进行进一步的调查和确认。
{"title":"Propriétés psychométriques et validation de construit du Cognitive Restraint Assessment Questionnaire (CRAQ) en France","authors":"Céline Ferreira , Damien Oudin Doglioni , Margaux Estremar-Ibor , Stéphane Giannini , Aurélie Docteur , Hanane Bouaziz , Marie-Claire Gay","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cognitive restraint (CR) is a behavioural pattern characterised by individuals deliberately restricting their food intake to achieve weight loss or prevent weight gain. CR is currently the most comprehensive theoretical framework for elucidating the ineffectiveness of conventional weight loss strategies and the associated cognitive, emotional, and behavioural challenges, including the dysregulation of eating patterns that can contribute to the development of eating disorders. While various tools exist to assess CR, these typically focus solely on its behavioural aspects. Since its inception in 1998, the <em>Groupe de Réflexion sur l’Obésité et le Surpoids</em> (G.R.O.S.) has been investigating the underlying factors influencing these behaviours, drawing upon contemporary cognitive-behavioural and emotional therapy models. In 2009, the G.R.O.S. developed the Cognitive Restraint Assessment Questionnaire (CRAQ), a comprehensive measurement instrument whose validity has been subject to scrutiny and requires further examination.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to validate the ten dimensions of the CRAQ and conduct a statistical comparison of three distinct factorial groupings identified in existing literature or clinical practice: a unifactorial grouping (CRAQ total score), a three-factor statistical grouping retrieved by Rabemampianina et El-Hage in 2009, and a five-factor clinical grouping.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>To validate the proposed structure of the 10-dimensional measure, a three-step process was employed. Firstly, principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to explore the underlying factorial structure of the 10 dimensions independently. Secondly, a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed to test the hypothesised factor structures. The first series of CFA examined the 10 dimensions, and their underlying structure identified in the PCA at step 1. Subsequently, a second series of CFA was conducted to assess the three-factorial structure, based on the 10 factors retrieved during the first series of CFA. Finally, a comparison of the performance for the three non-nested models (five-factor, three-factor, and a single-factor model) was undertaken to determine the optimal model. Data were collected from a French sample of 452 individuals. Participants were recruited from two sources: (1) psychological files of patients routinely followed at the Clinique Saint-Louis de Poissy, and (2) individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study through social media platforms (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter/X).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Step 1: a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the underlying factor structure of the 10-dimensional measure. Prior to the analysis, assumptions were tested to ensure the suitability of the 10 dimensions for factor analysis. The PCA revealed a complex factor structure. Six dimensions demonstrated ","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 137-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2025.09.008
Cassandre Loegel , Nadine Demogeot , Bernard Kabuth
<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Because rap music appeals to the under-25s, it could be a way of facilitating therapeutic alliance with people who are reluctant to use our conventional treatment methods. To date, rap has not been widely used in France in the clinical field of therapeutic mediation. Research on the subject is more abundant in Anglo-Saxon countries, with the development of a specific therapy: the rap therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This article presents a narrative review with the aim of identifying some of the potential clinical and therapeutic properties of rap. To this end, we have sought to understand the historical and cultural roots of rap, its musical and scriptural characteristics, and the psychic functions mobilised in this artistic practice. This research stems from a doctoral thesis (RAPeJeM study) conducted in France in child welfare services with emerging adults.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This narrative review is based on international research and a variety of bibliographical resources (digital data, books) in a multidisciplinary approach. However, given its non-systematic nature, this review does not claim to provide an exhaustive study of the clinical and therapeutic potential of rap as a mediation tool. The aim of this methodological approach is to enable the development of areas of research around this original form of mediation. Furthermore, since rap mediation is largely approached through behavioural models, we propose a psychodynamic reading of this form of mediation.</div></div><div><h3>Narrative review</h3><div>The first part of this review explores the specificities of rap. We first examine its artistic particularities, and it becomes clear that rap consists of a multitude of parameters summed up under the term “flow” (writing, voice, rhythm, tempo, instrumental, emotions, body, etc.). We then study its historical roots, from the birth of rap in New York neighbourhoods in the 1970s to its emergence in France in the 1990s. Often regarded as breaking away from artistic conventions in France, the literature helps to nuance these representations by highlighting the influence of French culture on rap practice. The creativity present in this art seems to follow a dual dynamic: continuing a cultural heritage on the one hand and creating original forms and content on the other. Moreover, far from signifying a cultural rejection, it sometimes facilitates a process of integration through the interplay with language. The second section looks at several settings using rap as an artistic medium or for psychological care, with different populations (unaccompanied minors, incarcerated adults, young people from street gangs, psychotic patients). In psychotherapy, the use of this musical genre can vary depending on whether it is framed within a cognitive-behavioural or psychodynamic approach, and whether it is applied in an individual or group setting. Rap mediation can also be used in multiple way
{"title":"Les potentialités cliniques et thérapeutiques du rap : une revue de littérature narrative sur une médiation originale en devenir","authors":"Cassandre Loegel , Nadine Demogeot , Bernard Kabuth","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Because rap music appeals to the under-25s, it could be a way of facilitating therapeutic alliance with people who are reluctant to use our conventional treatment methods. To date, rap has not been widely used in France in the clinical field of therapeutic mediation. Research on the subject is more abundant in Anglo-Saxon countries, with the development of a specific therapy: the rap therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This article presents a narrative review with the aim of identifying some of the potential clinical and therapeutic properties of rap. To this end, we have sought to understand the historical and cultural roots of rap, its musical and scriptural characteristics, and the psychic functions mobilised in this artistic practice. This research stems from a doctoral thesis (RAPeJeM study) conducted in France in child welfare services with emerging adults.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This narrative review is based on international research and a variety of bibliographical resources (digital data, books) in a multidisciplinary approach. However, given its non-systematic nature, this review does not claim to provide an exhaustive study of the clinical and therapeutic potential of rap as a mediation tool. The aim of this methodological approach is to enable the development of areas of research around this original form of mediation. Furthermore, since rap mediation is largely approached through behavioural models, we propose a psychodynamic reading of this form of mediation.</div></div><div><h3>Narrative review</h3><div>The first part of this review explores the specificities of rap. We first examine its artistic particularities, and it becomes clear that rap consists of a multitude of parameters summed up under the term “flow” (writing, voice, rhythm, tempo, instrumental, emotions, body, etc.). We then study its historical roots, from the birth of rap in New York neighbourhoods in the 1970s to its emergence in France in the 1990s. Often regarded as breaking away from artistic conventions in France, the literature helps to nuance these representations by highlighting the influence of French culture on rap practice. The creativity present in this art seems to follow a dual dynamic: continuing a cultural heritage on the one hand and creating original forms and content on the other. Moreover, far from signifying a cultural rejection, it sometimes facilitates a process of integration through the interplay with language. The second section looks at several settings using rap as an artistic medium or for psychological care, with different populations (unaccompanied minors, incarcerated adults, young people from street gangs, psychotic patients). In psychotherapy, the use of this musical genre can vary depending on whether it is framed within a cognitive-behavioural or psychodynamic approach, and whether it is applied in an individual or group setting. Rap mediation can also be used in multiple way","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2025.11.002
Serge Lecours, Alexis Gondolff
<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>Psychoanalytic and emotion theories have emphasized the important role affective processes play in depression. Discrete emotions such as sadness, hostility turned against the self, shame, guilt and contempt have been empirically associated with the depressive experience. However, research on affect has been mostly focused on the identification of the presence of emotions (their intensity or frequency), without considering the quality of the affective experience. To get a complete picture of affect regulation processes in depression, we must also look at the quality of the elaboration and mentalization of affects. The present study explores the relationship between the regulation and mentalization of distinct affect categories and the severity of depressive symptoms. The level of verbal elaboration/mentalization of discrete affects (quality of emotions) and the proportion of these specific affects in verbal expression (quantity of emotions) will serve as measures of affect regulation. We conceptualize depression as presenting deficits in the regulation of both the quantity and the quality of specific affects, specifically sadness and hostility turned against the self.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To test this hypothesis, 62 participants were recruited at an outpatient hospital clinic and at a university psychology clinic. Among them were 45 women (73%) and mean age was 34<!--> <!-->years (range 18–60). Thirteen suffered from a current major depressive episode (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->13). Twenty-five had been diagnosed with at least one Axis I disorder (40%) while 18 had at least one Axis II disorder (29%). After completing a series of questionnaires, participants took part in an affect-focused RAP interview in which they described relationship episodes that had evoked the basic emotions of sadness, among others. The quality of affect mentalization was examined with the Grille de l’Élaboration Verbale de l’Affect (GEVA), an observer-rated measure designed to be used on verbal transcripts, and the measure of affect content (MAC), which identifies the specific category of verbalized affect (e.g. sadness). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton rating scale for depression. Correlations and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The severity of depressive symptoms was correlated with a higher proportion of hostility turned against the self (0.35**) and desire (0.27*) and negatively associated with the proportion of love of others (−0.40**) and the level of mentalization of sadness (−0.27*). A hierarchical regression analysis was computed to assess the unique contribution of these affects on the prediction of depression severity, over and above the potential confounding variables of sex, age and level of education. Results indicate that the quantity of hostility turned against the self and love of others, as well as age, predict 26% of the variance of the sev
目的心理分析和情绪理论都强调了情感过程在抑郁症中的重要作用。从经验上看，悲伤、对自己的敌意、羞耻、内疚和蔑视等离散的情绪都与抑郁经历有关。然而，关于情感的研究主要集中在识别情感的存在（它们的强度或频率），而没有考虑情感体验的质量。为了全面了解抑郁症的情绪调节过程，我们还必须研究情绪的细化和心理化的质量。本研究探讨不同情绪类别的调节和心智化与抑郁症状严重程度的关系。离散情感（情绪的质量）的言语阐述/心智化水平和这些特定情感在言语表达中的比例（情绪的数量）将作为情感调节的衡量标准。我们将抑郁症的概念定义为对特定情感的数量和质量的调节出现缺陷，特别是对自我的悲伤和敌意。方法为了验证这一假设，在一家医院门诊和一所大学心理诊所招募了62名参与者。其中女性45例（73%），平均年龄34岁（18-60岁）。13例患有重度抑郁发作（n = 13）。25人被诊断患有至少一种轴I障碍（40%），18人被诊断患有至少一种轴II障碍（29%）。在完成一系列问卷调查后，参与者参加了以情感为中心的RAP访谈，在访谈中，他们描述了引起悲伤等基本情绪的关系片段。通过Grille de l ‘ Élaboration verale de l ’ affect （GEVA）和情感内容（MAC）来检验情感心智化的质量，GEVA是一种用于口头记录的观察者评级测量方法，MAC用于识别言语化情感的特定类别（例如悲伤）。用汉密尔顿抑郁量表评估抑郁症状。进行相关性和层次回归分析。结果抑郁症状严重程度与自我敌意转化比例（0.35**）和欲望转化比例（0.27* *）呈正相关，与爱他人比例（- 0.40**）和悲伤心理化水平（- 0.27*）呈负相关。在性别、年龄和教育水平等潜在的混杂变量之外，我们计算了层次回归分析，以评估这些影响对抑郁症严重程度预测的独特贡献。结果表明，对自己和对他人的爱的敌意程度，以及年龄，预测了抑郁症状严重程度变化的26%。只有对自己的敌意、对他人的爱和年龄在解释抑郁症状时表现出显著的独特差异。讨论这些结果似乎表明，抑郁症的严重程度与离散情绪调节的数量和质量的缺陷有关。正如预期的那样，抑郁症的严重程度与更高比例的对自己的敌意和更低水平的悲伤心理有关。然而，抑郁的严重程度、更多的欲望和更少提及对他人的爱之间的联系是出乎意料的。这些发现可以解释为渴望的增加，以及与抑郁症严重程度相关的社会孤立感。
{"title":"Élaboration verbale d’émotions discrètes dépressogènes et sévérité de la dépression","authors":"Serge Lecours, Alexis Gondolff","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>Psychoanalytic and emotion theories have emphasized the important role affective processes play in depression. Discrete emotions such as sadness, hostility turned against the self, shame, guilt and contempt have been empirically associated with the depressive experience. However, research on affect has been mostly focused on the identification of the presence of emotions (their intensity or frequency), without considering the quality of the affective experience. To get a complete picture of affect regulation processes in depression, we must also look at the quality of the elaboration and mentalization of affects. The present study explores the relationship between the regulation and mentalization of distinct affect categories and the severity of depressive symptoms. The level of verbal elaboration/mentalization of discrete affects (quality of emotions) and the proportion of these specific affects in verbal expression (quantity of emotions) will serve as measures of affect regulation. We conceptualize depression as presenting deficits in the regulation of both the quantity and the quality of specific affects, specifically sadness and hostility turned against the self.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To test this hypothesis, 62 participants were recruited at an outpatient hospital clinic and at a university psychology clinic. Among them were 45 women (73%) and mean age was 34<!--> <!-->years (range 18–60). Thirteen suffered from a current major depressive episode (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->13). Twenty-five had been diagnosed with at least one Axis I disorder (40%) while 18 had at least one Axis II disorder (29%). After completing a series of questionnaires, participants took part in an affect-focused RAP interview in which they described relationship episodes that had evoked the basic emotions of sadness, among others. The quality of affect mentalization was examined with the Grille de l’Élaboration Verbale de l’Affect (GEVA), an observer-rated measure designed to be used on verbal transcripts, and the measure of affect content (MAC), which identifies the specific category of verbalized affect (e.g. sadness). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton rating scale for depression. Correlations and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The severity of depressive symptoms was correlated with a higher proportion of hostility turned against the self (0.35**) and desire (0.27*) and negatively associated with the proportion of love of others (−0.40**) and the level of mentalization of sadness (−0.27*). A hierarchical regression analysis was computed to assess the unique contribution of these affects on the prediction of depression severity, over and above the potential confounding variables of sex, age and level of education. Results indicate that the quantity of hostility turned against the self and love of others, as well as age, predict 26% of the variance of the sev","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 105-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2025.04.006
Guillaume Gillet , Johann Jung
<div><div>Goals The author proposes to explore, in the field of psychodynamic psychology referred to psychoanalysis, the creative process in video games and the specificities of video games as an art object, as well as the psychological implications of its use.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The author first reviews the question of the creative process, creation and art from a psychoanalytic point of view. The description of the video game software « Brothers : A tales of two sons » then makes it possible to highlight that this video game constitutes a materialization of theories, models and psychic processes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The video game « Brothers: A tales of two sons » constitutes a materialization of psychic processes which were implemented in the source code of the software by its designer-programmers. It contains more or less explicit theories of psychological suffering, connection, and care, which are materialized on screen through “scenic figuration” work, made possible by updating the source code. of the software. The theme of loss and mourning punctuates the entire proposed story. The software also contains a theory of what causes trauma and a theory of how to treat it. It contains a fundamental rule that conveys a message about a specific pattern of bonding and dependence. The last chapter of this game allows us to observe that the designer-programmers have integrated into the source code of the software, in particular in what controls the specific handling of the video game controller, that is to say in the playability of the video game, a perceptual-motor equivalent of the mourning and identification process, encouraging the user to symbolize the traces of the lost object using sensorimotor skills.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This work involves several points of discussion. First of all, the creative process of the video game is based on a manufacturing process which involves rules, principles, conventions and specificities which generally supposes the intervention of numerous people, both upstream and downstream, both professionals and members of the public, potential future buyers, which leads us to qualify the main hypothesis. The materialization of theory, model and psychic processes firstly originates from group co-creation work. Furthermore, our hypothesis does not take into account the difference between software designed by large publishers and that created by small groups who do not have the same means and the same design strategies. Then, if the software seems to be able to be considered as an invitation to play in order to carry out mourning work in support of an operation of sensori-affective-motor symbolization, the game sequence reported in the last chapter of the story opens on a discussion regarding the meaning of this scene and the nature of the identification process. Despite an unchanged method of handling the interface, several elements suggest that this is the actualization
{"title":"Le processus créateur dans le jeu vidéo et la matérialisation de processus psychiques","authors":"Guillaume Gillet , Johann Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Goals The author proposes to explore, in the field of psychodynamic psychology referred to psychoanalysis, the creative process in video games and the specificities of video games as an art object, as well as the psychological implications of its use.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The author first reviews the question of the creative process, creation and art from a psychoanalytic point of view. The description of the video game software « Brothers : A tales of two sons » then makes it possible to highlight that this video game constitutes a materialization of theories, models and psychic processes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The video game « Brothers: A tales of two sons » constitutes a materialization of psychic processes which were implemented in the source code of the software by its designer-programmers. It contains more or less explicit theories of psychological suffering, connection, and care, which are materialized on screen through “scenic figuration” work, made possible by updating the source code. of the software. The theme of loss and mourning punctuates the entire proposed story. The software also contains a theory of what causes trauma and a theory of how to treat it. It contains a fundamental rule that conveys a message about a specific pattern of bonding and dependence. The last chapter of this game allows us to observe that the designer-programmers have integrated into the source code of the software, in particular in what controls the specific handling of the video game controller, that is to say in the playability of the video game, a perceptual-motor equivalent of the mourning and identification process, encouraging the user to symbolize the traces of the lost object using sensorimotor skills.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This work involves several points of discussion. First of all, the creative process of the video game is based on a manufacturing process which involves rules, principles, conventions and specificities which generally supposes the intervention of numerous people, both upstream and downstream, both professionals and members of the public, potential future buyers, which leads us to qualify the main hypothesis. The materialization of theory, model and psychic processes firstly originates from group co-creation work. Furthermore, our hypothesis does not take into account the difference between software designed by large publishers and that created by small groups who do not have the same means and the same design strategies. Then, if the software seems to be able to be considered as an invitation to play in order to carry out mourning work in support of an operation of sensori-affective-motor symbolization, the game sequence reported in the last chapter of the story opens on a discussion regarding the meaning of this scene and the nature of the identification process. Despite an unchanged method of handling the interface, several elements suggest that this is the actualization","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2025.12.002
Jean-Pierre Bouchard (Psychologue, Professeur extraordinaire, Docteur en psychologie, Docteur en droit)
{"title":"La grossophobie, une délinquance qui ne dit pas son nom","authors":"Jean-Pierre Bouchard (Psychologue, Professeur extraordinaire, Docteur en psychologie, Docteur en droit)","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 77-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder that affects about 1% of the population. It is characterized by a complex combination of positive, negative, disorganized, and cognitive symptoms. Cognitive impairments – especially in memory, attention, processing speed, and executive functions – are among the strongest predictors of psychosocial functioning. Social cognition is also frequently impaired and impacts emotional recognition, theory of mind, and interpersonal adjustment. As pharmacological treatments remain ineffective for cognitive symptoms, cognitive remediation is now considered the gold standard. This narrative review explores the potential of music practice as a non-pharmacological tool for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Music engages multiple cognitive and emotional processes, and has demonstrated positive effects both in healthy individuals and in clinical populations, including patients with stroke and Alzheimer's disease. These effects may stem from the multimodal and embodied nature of music practice, which involves motor coordination, memory, symbolic processing, and emotional engagement. To deepen the theoretical framework, this article draws on embodiment – a cognitive science approach that considers the body as central to cognition, structured around the 4E model: Embodied, Extended, Embedded, and Enactive. This framework supports a grounded exploration of music-based interventions in schizophrenia.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This article is based on two narrative reviews conducted using PubMed: one on the relationship between embodiment and schizophrenia (RN1), and the other on embodiment and music (RN2). Each review followed a two-step selection process to exclude duplicates and irrelevant articles, focusing only on those addressing both embodiment and either schizophrenia or music. The selected articles were organized according to the 4E framework: Embodied, Extended, Embedded, and Enactive cognition. A cross-analysis of both corpora revealed recurrent embodied processes – temporal perception, interactional synchrony, and social cognition – justifying a dedicated subchapter. Although the music review included both listening and practice, the final focus was placed on active music-making, which more directly engages the embodied, extended, and enactive dimensions of cognition, and aligns with the principles of cognitive remediation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The first narrative review (RN1) analyzed 23 articles exploring schizophrenia through the lens of embodiment. Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia were reframed as disruptions in the sensorimotor integration between body, action, and environment. Studies highlighted altered posture, impaired source memory, and disconnection from bodily experience as central to cognitive and social dysfunction. Embodied therapies, such as Body-Oriented Psychotherapy, showed clinical benefits by re-engaging patients
{"title":"Pratique musicale comme remédiation cognitive incarnée dans la schizophrénie. Deux revues narratives","authors":"Chloé Naïli , Etienne Bally , Florent Cholat , Aliya Agarande , Christophe Arbus , Anya Attou , Tudi Gozé","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder that affects about 1% of the population. It is characterized by a complex combination of positive, negative, disorganized, and cognitive symptoms. Cognitive impairments – especially in memory, attention, processing speed, and executive functions – are among the strongest predictors of psychosocial functioning. Social cognition is also frequently impaired and impacts emotional recognition, theory of mind, and interpersonal adjustment. As pharmacological treatments remain ineffective for cognitive symptoms, cognitive remediation is now considered the gold standard. This narrative review explores the potential of music practice as a non-pharmacological tool for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Music engages multiple cognitive and emotional processes, and has demonstrated positive effects both in healthy individuals and in clinical populations, including patients with stroke and Alzheimer's disease. These effects may stem from the multimodal and embodied nature of music practice, which involves motor coordination, memory, symbolic processing, and emotional engagement. To deepen the theoretical framework, this article draws on embodiment – a cognitive science approach that considers the body as central to cognition, structured around the 4E model: Embodied, Extended, Embedded, and Enactive. This framework supports a grounded exploration of music-based interventions in schizophrenia.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This article is based on two narrative reviews conducted using PubMed: one on the relationship between embodiment and schizophrenia (RN1), and the other on embodiment and music (RN2). Each review followed a two-step selection process to exclude duplicates and irrelevant articles, focusing only on those addressing both embodiment and either schizophrenia or music. The selected articles were organized according to the 4E framework: Embodied, Extended, Embedded, and Enactive cognition. A cross-analysis of both corpora revealed recurrent embodied processes – temporal perception, interactional synchrony, and social cognition – justifying a dedicated subchapter. Although the music review included both listening and practice, the final focus was placed on active music-making, which more directly engages the embodied, extended, and enactive dimensions of cognition, and aligns with the principles of cognitive remediation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The first narrative review (RN1) analyzed 23 articles exploring schizophrenia through the lens of embodiment. Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia were reframed as disruptions in the sensorimotor integration between body, action, and environment. Studies highlighted altered posture, impaired source memory, and disconnection from bodily experience as central to cognitive and social dysfunction. Embodied therapies, such as Body-Oriented Psychotherapy, showed clinical benefits by re-engaging patients","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 121-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2025.12.004
Odette Chesnot , Silke Schauder
<div><h3>Context and Guiding Question</h3><div>This article examines clay-based art therapy as a therapeutic response for war widows navigating the twin burdens of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complicated grief. Within programs led by the Lebanese Association of Victims of Terrorism (AVT-L) and partner NGOs (Dignity beyond borders, AVVAT et Solidarité Défense), the authors observe that bereavement following violent, often public deaths fragment's identity, freezes symbolization, and constrains speech. The guiding question is explicit: How does art therapy with clay help military widows reconstruct identity after PTSD and complex grief? The working hypothesis is that clay, as a sensori-motor, group-based, and transcultural medium, converts the “unspeakable” into a manipulable form, enabling affect regulation, meaning-making, and the repair of familial bonds.</div></div><div><h3>Program and Methods</h3><div>The documented program has been implemented since 2019 and, to date, has served 125 widows. The current cohort comprises 25 adult widows from five countries (France, Lebanon, the United States, the United Kingdom, Jordan). The intervention begins with six, two-hour group sessions, delivered in two subgroups (12 and 13 participants) and co-facilitated by a trilingual art therapist (Arabic/French/English) and a trilingual clinical psychologist; no interpreters are used to preserve continuity and nuance. Depending on clinical indication or participant request, widows are then offered individual follow-up (two sessions per month for four months) to consolidate gains. The clinical frame is precisely described (group composition, session choreography, safety and ethics), and outcomes are illustrated through a central case vignette (Mme M.). Across the program, emphasis falls on sensorially, group dynamics, and the transcultural status of clay as a “universal” medium that helps participants traverse emotional and linguistic barriers.</div></div><div><h3>Theoretical Rationale</h3><div>Grounded in trauma-informed practice and informed by group and art-therapy theory, clay's haptic engagement activates perception – action loops that reduce hyperarousal and allow pre-symbolic contents to take shareable form. In group settings, co-regulation (through shared rhythms of modeling, posture, and silence) enhances affect tolerance and supports mentalization; peers act as mirrors, and the “language of gesture” precedes speech. In grief work, the medium facilitates negotiation between presence and absence, loosens rigid identifications, and supports flexible, continuing bonds. Its accessibility and reversibility provide psychological safety, enabling exploration without fear of failure. A clinical vignette illustrates the psychic and sensorimotor mechanisms activated during a clay-based art therapy workshop, highlighting the transition from emotional disorganization to symbolization and identity reconstruction.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Findings</h3
{"title":"« C’est comme si j’étais sortie de l’humanité ». Deuil, argile et art-thérapie","authors":"Odette Chesnot , Silke Schauder","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context and Guiding Question</h3><div>This article examines clay-based art therapy as a therapeutic response for war widows navigating the twin burdens of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complicated grief. Within programs led by the Lebanese Association of Victims of Terrorism (AVT-L) and partner NGOs (Dignity beyond borders, AVVAT et Solidarité Défense), the authors observe that bereavement following violent, often public deaths fragment's identity, freezes symbolization, and constrains speech. The guiding question is explicit: How does art therapy with clay help military widows reconstruct identity after PTSD and complex grief? The working hypothesis is that clay, as a sensori-motor, group-based, and transcultural medium, converts the “unspeakable” into a manipulable form, enabling affect regulation, meaning-making, and the repair of familial bonds.</div></div><div><h3>Program and Methods</h3><div>The documented program has been implemented since 2019 and, to date, has served 125 widows. The current cohort comprises 25 adult widows from five countries (France, Lebanon, the United States, the United Kingdom, Jordan). The intervention begins with six, two-hour group sessions, delivered in two subgroups (12 and 13 participants) and co-facilitated by a trilingual art therapist (Arabic/French/English) and a trilingual clinical psychologist; no interpreters are used to preserve continuity and nuance. Depending on clinical indication or participant request, widows are then offered individual follow-up (two sessions per month for four months) to consolidate gains. The clinical frame is precisely described (group composition, session choreography, safety and ethics), and outcomes are illustrated through a central case vignette (Mme M.). Across the program, emphasis falls on sensorially, group dynamics, and the transcultural status of clay as a “universal” medium that helps participants traverse emotional and linguistic barriers.</div></div><div><h3>Theoretical Rationale</h3><div>Grounded in trauma-informed practice and informed by group and art-therapy theory, clay's haptic engagement activates perception – action loops that reduce hyperarousal and allow pre-symbolic contents to take shareable form. In group settings, co-regulation (through shared rhythms of modeling, posture, and silence) enhances affect tolerance and supports mentalization; peers act as mirrors, and the “language of gesture” precedes speech. In grief work, the medium facilitates negotiation between presence and absence, loosens rigid identifications, and supports flexible, continuing bonds. Its accessibility and reversibility provide psychological safety, enabling exploration without fear of failure. A clinical vignette illustrates the psychic and sensorimotor mechanisms activated during a clay-based art therapy workshop, highlighting the transition from emotional disorganization to symbolization and identity reconstruction.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Findings</h3","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2025.04.002
Florent Poupart
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Delusions are a longstanding and emblematic topic in psychiatry, yet they remain conceptually elusive. Traditional approaches struggle to categorize delusions coherently: they have been described as fixed beliefs, imaginary constructs, linguistic acts, or meaningless disturbances. Contemporary empirical psychopathology predominantly adopts a doxastic view, as reflected in the DSM-5, which defines delusions as unchangeable beliefs despite contradictory evidence. However, this approach fails to resolve the paradox at the heart of delusion: its simultaneous resemblance to incorrigible belief and inconsequential fiction. Such paradoxes reveal the limitations of conventional psychological categories in understanding the experiential complexity of delusion.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This article proposes to reframe delusion through the lens of narrativity. Drawing from philosophical, psychoanalytic, and developmental frameworks, the goal is to explore how narrative structures may offer insight into both the form and function of delusions. Specifically, the study investigates whether delusions might constitute a narrative response to psychic disintegration—a compensatory process that provides a kind of coherence where symbolization has failed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a theoretical and conceptual analysis. The framework draws heavily on Paul Ricœur's notion of narrative identity, wherein narration serves to configure lived experience and support identity formation. Insights from psychoanalysis, particularly from early subjectivation research, are integrated to understand how narrative supports psychic development. Classical psychopathological literature (e.g., Bleuler, Jaspers, Aulagnier, Grivois) is analyzed to illustrate how delusions may operate as narrative forms of psychic containment and organization.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis suggests that delusions function less as flawed beliefs and more as emergent narrative structures aimed at containing and giving meaning to overwhelming, often non-symbolized, experiences. They offer a framework to mitigate disintegration by transforming diffuse, affect-laden material into structured discourse. For instance, delusions of persecution may serve to historicize depersonalization and existential terror. Yet delusions remain paradoxical: while they employ representational logic, they are not metaphorical for the patient—they are lived realities. This ambiguity reflects a breakdown in the symbolization process and a fusion of primary (sensory-affective) and secondary (discursive) representational levels.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Delusional discourse resists simple classification. It is marked by undecidability: the patient simultaneously recognizes and denies its representational nature. Rather than functioning as metaphors, delusions impose a direct, literalized form of expression. The result is a hybrid construct
{"title":"La narrativité : un paradigme prometteur dans l’étude du phénomène délirant","authors":"Florent Poupart","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Delusions are a longstanding and emblematic topic in psychiatry, yet they remain conceptually elusive. Traditional approaches struggle to categorize delusions coherently: they have been described as fixed beliefs, imaginary constructs, linguistic acts, or meaningless disturbances. Contemporary empirical psychopathology predominantly adopts a doxastic view, as reflected in the DSM-5, which defines delusions as unchangeable beliefs despite contradictory evidence. However, this approach fails to resolve the paradox at the heart of delusion: its simultaneous resemblance to incorrigible belief and inconsequential fiction. Such paradoxes reveal the limitations of conventional psychological categories in understanding the experiential complexity of delusion.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This article proposes to reframe delusion through the lens of narrativity. Drawing from philosophical, psychoanalytic, and developmental frameworks, the goal is to explore how narrative structures may offer insight into both the form and function of delusions. Specifically, the study investigates whether delusions might constitute a narrative response to psychic disintegration—a compensatory process that provides a kind of coherence where symbolization has failed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a theoretical and conceptual analysis. The framework draws heavily on Paul Ricœur's notion of narrative identity, wherein narration serves to configure lived experience and support identity formation. Insights from psychoanalysis, particularly from early subjectivation research, are integrated to understand how narrative supports psychic development. Classical psychopathological literature (e.g., Bleuler, Jaspers, Aulagnier, Grivois) is analyzed to illustrate how delusions may operate as narrative forms of psychic containment and organization.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis suggests that delusions function less as flawed beliefs and more as emergent narrative structures aimed at containing and giving meaning to overwhelming, often non-symbolized, experiences. They offer a framework to mitigate disintegration by transforming diffuse, affect-laden material into structured discourse. For instance, delusions of persecution may serve to historicize depersonalization and existential terror. Yet delusions remain paradoxical: while they employ representational logic, they are not metaphorical for the patient—they are lived realities. This ambiguity reflects a breakdown in the symbolization process and a fusion of primary (sensory-affective) and secondary (discursive) representational levels.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Delusional discourse resists simple classification. It is marked by undecidability: the patient simultaneously recognizes and denies its representational nature. Rather than functioning as metaphors, delusions impose a direct, literalized form of expression. The result is a hybrid construct","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 93-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2025.07.005
Raphaëlle Postic , Mathilde Moisseron-Baudé , Charles Martin-Krumm
<div><div>The increasing level of burnout in France, which reached 34% in 2022, led us to investigate the role that managers’ ability to give security to their employees plays in this issue. To do so, we aimed to validate the Leader as Security Provider Scale (LSPS) in a French context. This scale measures how secure employees feel under their leader's guidance, linking managerial behaviours with employees’ feeling of security. The translation was conducted in compliance with the standards set out in ISO 17100:2015 and the recommendations issued by the International Test Commission, to ensure not only the quality of the translation but also its accuracy. These guidelines guaranteed that the translated scale would remain reliable and comparable to the original. To assess its validity, we tested it on a sample of 160 French workers, who had the same manager at least for one full year. We also combined it with two other established scales: the empowering leadership scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The first one was used to establish concurrent validity, because empowerment is a security providing managerial behaviour and it's the closest existing French scale. Meanwhile, the MBI helped us examine the relationship between security provided by the manager and employees’ burnout levels. As it has been used in studies also using the empowerment leadership scale, it was the obvious choice for us, among the large existing number of burnout scales. For our statistical analysis, we reproduced the approach of the original LSPS study, but using R software due to its flexibility. Our results confirmed that the French version of the LSPS has a solid unifactorial structure (R<sup>2</sup> <!-->=<!--> <!-->57%). This shows that the scale reliably measures a single concept: the managers’ ability to be a source of security for their employees. The scale also demonstrated excellent internal consistency, measured with the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->.89). Furthermore, a robust positive correlation was identified between the LSPS and the empowering leadership scale, which provides evidence of good concurrent validity. Prior research has demonstrated that empowering leaders are capable of providing security for their followers through actions such as involving employees in decision-making processes and making way for autonomy. Finally, we observed a significant correlation between the security provided by managers and burnout levels among employees. More specifically, the regression analysis was negative, and strongly significative (β<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->−.24), indicating that employees who felt more secure with their managers experienced lower levels of burnout. This result highlights the key role that management plays in the prevention of burnout: managers who promote a sense of security can prevent burnout risk by reducing two of its factors: exhaustion and depersonalisation. All these findings allow us to validate the French
{"title":"La hiérarchie, une « base de sécurité » : validation française préliminaire de l’Échelle de la Sécurité Fournie par le Manager","authors":"Raphaëlle Postic , Mathilde Moisseron-Baudé , Charles Martin-Krumm","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2025.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing level of burnout in France, which reached 34% in 2022, led us to investigate the role that managers’ ability to give security to their employees plays in this issue. To do so, we aimed to validate the Leader as Security Provider Scale (LSPS) in a French context. This scale measures how secure employees feel under their leader's guidance, linking managerial behaviours with employees’ feeling of security. The translation was conducted in compliance with the standards set out in ISO 17100:2015 and the recommendations issued by the International Test Commission, to ensure not only the quality of the translation but also its accuracy. These guidelines guaranteed that the translated scale would remain reliable and comparable to the original. To assess its validity, we tested it on a sample of 160 French workers, who had the same manager at least for one full year. We also combined it with two other established scales: the empowering leadership scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The first one was used to establish concurrent validity, because empowerment is a security providing managerial behaviour and it's the closest existing French scale. Meanwhile, the MBI helped us examine the relationship between security provided by the manager and employees’ burnout levels. As it has been used in studies also using the empowerment leadership scale, it was the obvious choice for us, among the large existing number of burnout scales. For our statistical analysis, we reproduced the approach of the original LSPS study, but using R software due to its flexibility. Our results confirmed that the French version of the LSPS has a solid unifactorial structure (R<sup>2</sup> <!-->=<!--> <!-->57%). This shows that the scale reliably measures a single concept: the managers’ ability to be a source of security for their employees. The scale also demonstrated excellent internal consistency, measured with the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->.89). Furthermore, a robust positive correlation was identified between the LSPS and the empowering leadership scale, which provides evidence of good concurrent validity. Prior research has demonstrated that empowering leaders are capable of providing security for their followers through actions such as involving employees in decision-making processes and making way for autonomy. Finally, we observed a significant correlation between the security provided by managers and burnout levels among employees. More specifically, the regression analysis was negative, and strongly significative (β<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->−.24), indicating that employees who felt more secure with their managers experienced lower levels of burnout. This result highlights the key role that management plays in the prevention of burnout: managers who promote a sense of security can prevent burnout risk by reducing two of its factors: exhaustion and depersonalisation. All these findings allow us to validate the French","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"184 2","pages":"Pages 148-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2024.03.014
Marina Filipova , Jean-Louis Adrien
Those who suffer from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) whose developmental trajectory mobilizes heterogeneous and variable expression skills require structured, concrete, explicit and long-term support. To offset the socio-emotional, behavioral and sensory alterations that characterize this lifelong handicap, specific social scenarios constitute a specialized visual support for treatment. They clearly and explicitly represent scenes of social situations, enabling these individuals, depending on their actual age and level of understanding and cognitive development, to acquire necessary lifelong skills. The themes include social communication, socio-emotional regulation and expression, biological and psychological developmental stages linked to gender differences, and puberty, and they address sensory and sexual aspects at the start of adult life as well as personal and social skills related to autonomy. Structured and accompanied access to information that is transmitted through specific scenarios allows the person with ASD (1) to learn and develop a repertoire of social response strategies for different contexts, (2) to have concrete response strategies to deploy in autonomous situations a, (3) to prevent the appearance and establishment of “problem behaviors” related to erroneous beliefs and (4) to propose alternative behavioral responses to “prohibited behaviors”. The second objective is to improve the quality of life of the person with ASD and to promote their development within their life-long social group. Having a concrete learning experience and establishing a positive spiral of experiences that reinforce self-confidence, the person with Autism Spectrum Disorder will be effectively supported in their socio-emotional development. A large number of people with ASD lack a solid understanding of a set of social, biological, bodily, sensory and developmental concepts and criteria which leads to maladaptive behaviors in society which hinders emotional and relational functioning to the point of increasing in some cases the sense of stress, anxiety and guilt. In addition, the lack of knowledge and concrete representations as well as the absence of appropriate responses to the questions brought about by natural curiosity and pubertal development, regardless of the cognitive functioning of the person with ASD, can lead to the elaboration of a set of auto- and hetero-aggressive behaviors. The structured intervention applied to the person with autism, but also to any person with other neurodevelopmental disorders, can ensure the benefit of a serene socio-emotional development.
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