The LexA–RecA* structure reveals a cryptic lock-and-key mechanism for SOS activation

The bacterial SOS response plays a key role in adaptation to DNA damage, including genomic stress caused by antibiotics. SOS induction begins when activated RecA*, an oligomeric nucleoprotein filament that forms on single-stranded DNA, binds to and stimulates autoproteolysis of the repressor LexA. Here, we present the structure of the complete Escherichia coli SOS signal complex, constituting full-length LexA bound to RecA*. We uncover an extensive interface unexpectedly including the LexA DNA-binding domain, providing a new molecular rationale for ordered SOS gene induction. We further find that the interface involves three RecA subunits, with a single residue in the central engaged subunit acting as a molecular key, inserting into an allosteric binding pocket to induce LexA cleavage. Given the pro-mutagenic nature of SOS activation, our structural and mechanistic insights provide a foundation for developing new therapeutics to slow the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Here, using cryo-EM, the authors reveal the mechanism by which RecA filamented on single-stranded DNA binds to and induces LexA cleavage, the key signal governing the bacterial DNA damage response pathway implicated in antibiotic resistance.