Feasible mechanisms and therapeutic potential of food probiotics to mitigate diabetes-associated cancers: A comprehensive review and in silico validation

People with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hyperglycemia are linked with cancer risk. Diabetes and cancer have been corroborated by high morbidity and mortality rates. Studies revealed that elevated levels of insulin secretions trigger insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production. Moreover, IGF-1 is a key regulator involved in promoting cancer cell progression and is linked with DM. Cancer drug resistance and ototoxic effects can adversely affect the health and lifespan of an individual. However, naturally derived bioactive compounds are gaining attention for their nontoxic properties and specific behavior. Likewise, probiotics have also been regarded as safe and successful alternatives to treat DM-linked cancers. The present review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential and feasible functions of probiotics to mitigate or inhibit DM-associated cancers. Meanwhile, the intracellular signaling cascades involved in promoting DM-linked cancer are enumerated for future prospective research. However, metabolomics interactions and protein–protein interactions are to be discussed for deeper insights into affirmative principles in diabetic-linked cancers. Drug discovery and innovative preclinical evaluation need further adjuvant and immune-enhancement therapies. Furthermore, the results of the in silico assessment could provide scientific excellence of IGF-1 in diabetes and cancer. Overall, this review summarizes the mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets for diabetes-associated cancer.