Holocene vegetation and climatic changes in the coastal tropical rainforests of Nigeria

A Mid-Late Holocene palynological and charcoal record of vegetation and climatic changes in the tropical rainforest of West Africa is presented based on sediment cores from four localities in southwest Nigeria. The localities namely Ahanve, Ogudu, Otolu-Lekki and Ikorigho are situated along gradients in riverine and coastal systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean. The aim was to reconstruct the vegetation history of the tropical rainforest, infer past climate variabilities and ascertain the presence of humans and their impact on the landscape. The record shows that the Mid Holocene, c.6600-5600 BP, was characterised by predominantly diverse and extensive tropical rain forests that comprised lowland rainforest, mangrove swamp forest and freshwater swamp forest that are consistent with the African Humid Phase (AHP); climatic conditions were warm and wet with high sea levels. In the early stages of the Late Holocene, there is evidence of decline in the tropical rainforests with brief spells of climatic variability signalling the gradual end of the AHP. Subsequently, the pollen record revealed evidence of forest disturbance: specifically the replacement of the mangroves and lowland rainforests by coastal savannas and an Elaeis guineensis-dominated secondary forest, respectively, in Ahanve at cal. 3100 yr BP; and the decline and eventual recovery of the vegetation types in Ogudu after cal. 2760-2730 yr BP. These environmental disturbances are attributed to prolonged period of increased desiccation within a warm climate as well as the differentia in marine and riverine influence of both localities. Further decline in the tropical rainforest after cal. 1240-1200 yr BP were accompanied by substantial increase in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), the emergence of exotic plants of South American and Asian origin, substantial increases in charcoal particles that were complemented by archaeological data. The pollen and charcoal data have shown that the decline of the tropical rain forests in the area beginning from the late Holocene was initially climate driven while subsequent and recent decline has been exacerbated by anthropogenic factors.