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Surface ruptures from the 1556 Huaxian earthquake, North China, measured using high-resolution topography: Implications for large magnitude normal-faulting earthquakes in continental interiors
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100270
Shengxue Lei , Richard Walker , Yanbao Li , Ji Ma , Ben Johnson , Qi Ou , Chia-Hsin Tsai , Changyun Chen , Xijie Feng , Liangxin Xu
On January 23, 1556, a large normal-faulting earthquake struck Huaxian county, in the eastern part of the Weihe Graben, North China. The direct effects of the great shock and the following famine, exposure to coldness, and disease together killed more than 830,000 people, making the Huaxian earthquake the deadliest in history. Estimates of its magnitude vary widely, with intensity data leading to estimates of 8¼ to 8½, whereas geological estimates of slip and fault length suggest a range of 7.5–8.0, but with remaining uncertainty due to the lack of detailed measurements along the entire rupture zone. In this study, we use high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from Pléiades stereo satellite imagery to map the surface ruptures and measure the fault scarps associated with the 1556 earthquake. We use the vertical offset measurements and the cumulative offset probability density (COPD) method to constrain the surface slip distribution of the 1556 event and to examine evidence for prior rupture. We find an average vertical displacement of 6.3 ± 0.7 m, consistent with a moment-magnitude (Mw) of 7.3–7.9 that, although large, is much smaller than earlier estimates derived from seismic intensity data. Although the Huaxian earthquake is likely the largest known well-defined normal-faulting event in history, it aligns with the global pattern that normal-faulting earthquakes in continental interiors rarely exceed Mw 8. We suggest that the magnitudes of other large historical earthquakes in North China need to be reexamined by direct fault parameters, rather than by shaking intensity and death toll.
{"title":"Surface ruptures from the 1556 Huaxian earthquake, North China, measured using high-resolution topography: Implications for large magnitude normal-faulting earthquakes in continental interiors","authors":"Shengxue Lei ,&nbsp;Richard Walker ,&nbsp;Yanbao Li ,&nbsp;Ji Ma ,&nbsp;Ben Johnson ,&nbsp;Qi Ou ,&nbsp;Chia-Hsin Tsai ,&nbsp;Changyun Chen ,&nbsp;Xijie Feng ,&nbsp;Liangxin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On January 23, 1556, a large normal-faulting earthquake struck Huaxian county, in the eastern part of the Weihe Graben, North China. The direct effects of the great shock and the following famine, exposure to coldness, and disease together killed more than 830,000 people, making the Huaxian earthquake the deadliest in history. Estimates of its magnitude vary widely, with intensity data leading to estimates of 8¼ to 8½, whereas geological estimates of slip and fault length suggest a range of 7.5–8.0, but with remaining uncertainty due to the lack of detailed measurements along the entire rupture zone. In this study, we use high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from Pléiades stereo satellite imagery to map the surface ruptures and measure the fault scarps associated with the 1556 earthquake. We use the vertical offset measurements and the cumulative offset probability density (COPD) method to constrain the surface slip distribution of the 1556 event and to examine evidence for prior rupture. We find an average vertical displacement of 6.3 ± 0.7 m, consistent with a moment-magnitude (<em>M</em><sub><em>w</em></sub><em>)</em> of 7.3–7.9 that, although large, is much smaller than earlier estimates derived from seismic intensity data. Although the Huaxian earthquake is likely the largest known well-defined normal-faulting event in history, it aligns with the global pattern that normal-faulting earthquakes in continental interiors rarely exceed <em>M</em><sub><em>w</em></sub> 8. We suggest that the magnitudes of other large historical earthquakes in North China need to be reexamined by direct fault parameters, rather than by shaking intensity and death toll.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Eccentricity-driven glacial climate variability and its influence on speciation in the tropical Andes
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100278
Manuel Chevalier , William D. Gosling , Henry Hooghiemstra , Olivier Cartapanis , Brian M. Chase , Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr
This study presents a detailed pollen-based climate reconstruction from Lake Fúquene, Colombia, spanning the past 284,000 years and revealing significant changes in temperature and hydroclimate modes of variability, particularly between glacial periods. Our findings highlight the central role of eccentricity in modulating the influence of high-latitude glacial climate variability on the northern Andes. During periods of high eccentricity (∼70–260 ka), we conclude that the region was shielded from northern high-latitude glacial ice-sheet dynamics by an intensified Walker circulation. After ∼70 ka, a weakening of this zonal circulation allowed high-latitude, millennial-scale glacial climate variability to penetrate deeper into the tropics, influencing the position of the ITCZ and the rainbelt. This shift in climate dynamics led to increased regional millennial-scale climate variability. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) on fossil pollen data highlights a contemporaneous compositional shift previously masked by glacial-interglacial vegetation changes. The observed ecological shift coincides temporally with predictions of elevated speciation rates in mechanistic simulations. Combined, these results suggest a long-lasting environmental impact from glacial millennial-scale climate dynamics, supporting the hypothesis that increased environmental dynamism during glacial periods may trigger the speciation pump in the Northern Andes more than glacial inceptions or terminations. These findings underscore the evolving nature of regional climate drivers and their complex interplay with ecology, offering new insights into the role of climate variability in shaping biodiversity in this hotspot.
{"title":"Eccentricity-driven glacial climate variability and its influence on speciation in the tropical Andes","authors":"Manuel Chevalier ,&nbsp;William D. Gosling ,&nbsp;Henry Hooghiemstra ,&nbsp;Olivier Cartapanis ,&nbsp;Brian M. Chase ,&nbsp;Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a detailed pollen-based climate reconstruction from Lake Fúquene, Colombia, spanning the past 284,000 years and revealing significant changes in temperature and hydroclimate modes of variability, particularly between glacial periods. Our findings highlight the central role of eccentricity in modulating the influence of high-latitude glacial climate variability on the northern Andes. During periods of high eccentricity (∼70–260 ka), we conclude that the region was shielded from northern high-latitude glacial ice-sheet dynamics by an intensified Walker circulation. After ∼70 ka, a weakening of this zonal circulation allowed high-latitude, millennial-scale glacial climate variability to penetrate deeper into the tropics, influencing the position of the ITCZ and the rainbelt. This shift in climate dynamics led to increased regional millennial-scale climate variability. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) on fossil pollen data highlights a contemporaneous compositional shift previously masked by glacial-interglacial vegetation changes. The observed ecological shift coincides temporally with predictions of elevated speciation rates in mechanistic simulations. Combined, these results suggest a long-lasting environmental impact from glacial millennial-scale climate dynamics, supporting the hypothesis that increased environmental dynamism during glacial periods may trigger the speciation pump in the Northern Andes more than glacial inceptions or terminations. These findings underscore the evolving nature of regional climate drivers and their complex interplay with ecology, offering new insights into the role of climate variability in shaping biodiversity in this hotspot.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments at Plains of Sonoran Desert, based on fossil pollen content and geochemical analysis
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100276
B.A. Valle-Caro , C.I. Ortega-Rosas , T. Gámez , J.R. Vidal-Solano , D.M. Meza-Figueroa
Quaternary pollen-geochemical based-studies in Sonoran Desert are poorly documented. Two sedimentary profiles were studied at Félix Gómez, Sonora in the Plains of Sonoran Desert: Paleosols “La Cárcava” (335 cm depth) and “La Morita” (220 cm depth) covers the latest Pleistocene and all Holocene. The results of paleoenvironmental proxy analysis (fossil pollen, geochemical data, and radiocarbon ages), show a variation in Late Pleistocene conditions with high precipitations and low temperatures leading to an open forest vegetation (Pinus sp., Quercus sp. and Poaceae) in the actual desert. From Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene increasing temperature and higher evaporation rates were constated with the establishment of tropical-desert vegetation. Recovering to wetter al cooler conditions appear in early Holocene with a woodland vegetation type-Chaparral (Pinus, Quercus and Pteridophytes). In the middle-late Holocene the hottest conditions were recorded, with mostly herbaceous plants (Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae). Finally, in the Latest Holocene (last 2500 years) similar conditions to present days were documented (Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Cactaceae and Fabaceae).
{"title":"Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments at Plains of Sonoran Desert, based on fossil pollen content and geochemical analysis","authors":"B.A. Valle-Caro ,&nbsp;C.I. Ortega-Rosas ,&nbsp;T. Gámez ,&nbsp;J.R. Vidal-Solano ,&nbsp;D.M. Meza-Figueroa","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quaternary pollen-geochemical based-studies in Sonoran Desert are poorly documented. Two sedimentary profiles were studied at Félix Gómez, Sonora in the Plains of Sonoran Desert: Paleosols “La Cárcava” (335 cm depth) and “La Morita” (220 cm depth) covers the latest Pleistocene and all Holocene. The results of paleoenvironmental proxy analysis (fossil pollen, geochemical data, and radiocarbon ages), show a variation in Late Pleistocene conditions with high precipitations and low temperatures leading to an open forest vegetation (<em>Pinus</em> sp., <em>Quercus</em> sp. and Poaceae) in the actual desert. From Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene increasing temperature and higher evaporation rates were constated with the establishment of tropical-desert vegetation. Recovering to wetter al cooler conditions appear in early Holocene with a woodland vegetation type-Chaparral (<em>Pinus</em>, <em>Quercus</em> and Pteridophytes). In the middle-late Holocene the hottest conditions were recorded, with mostly herbaceous plants (Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae). Finally, in the Latest Holocene (last 2500 years) similar conditions to present days were documented (Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Cactaceae and Fabaceae).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geospatial mapping of groundwater potential zones using multi-criteria decision analysis and GIS fuzzy logic in Dabus Sub-Basin, western Ethiopia
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100275
Dawit Girma Burayu , Shankar Karuppannan , Gemechu Shuniye
Ethiopian groundwater assessments are often conducted using field surveys as a basis. Although conventional groundwater exploration methods yield results of varying scale and improved quality, they are typically costly and time-consuming tasks. Utilizing remotely sensed data and geographic information systems (GIS), data may now be efficiently collected, analyzed, and managed across extensive spatial and temporal scales. This study will use timely, affordable remote sensing (RS) data and GIS approaches to map the groundwater potential in the Dabus Sub-Basin in Western Ethiopia. This study examines various geographic parameters, including lithology, slope, rainfall, drainage density, lineament density, soil texture, land use/cover (LULC), and geomorphology. Weight overlay analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), particularly the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, were employed to delineate the groundwater potential zone (GWPZs). Then, using Saatty's (AHP) scale, the weights for each element were allocated based on their relative relevance. The results of the primary components show that lithology has the lowest weight and rainfall, and geomorphology has the highest weights when calculating the prospective groundwater potential zone in the research region. The findings showed that approximately 310.2 km2 (1.5%) had very high groundwater potential, 16216 km2 (77.1%) had high groundwater potential, 4476 km2 (21.3%) had moderate groundwater potential, and 27.77 km2 (0.13%) had low groundwater potential. After employing borehole points and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve method to assess the created groundwater potential zone map, a good correlation of 73.8% was found. Thus, this study demonstrates a reliable way to utilize GIS and remote sensing tools to map and define GWPZs. To make prompt judgments about groundwater management, planners and decision-makers rely heavily on the GWPZ that is produced.
埃塞俄比亚的地下水评估通常以实地勘测为基础。尽管传统的地下水勘探方法可以获得不同规模和质量的结果,但这些方法通常成本高昂且耗时。现在,利用遥感数据和地理信息系统 (GIS),可以在广泛的空间和时间范围内有效地收集、分析和管理数据。本研究将利用及时、经济的遥感(RS)数据和地理信息系统(GIS)方法,绘制埃塞俄比亚西部 Dabus 子盆地的地下水潜力图。本研究考察了各种地理参数,包括岩性、坡度、降雨量、排水密度、线状密度、土壤质地、土地利用/覆盖(LULC)和地貌。采用权重叠加分析和多标准决策分析(MCDA),特别是层次分析法(AHP)来划分地下水潜势区(GWPZ)。然后,使用 Saatty(AHP)量表,根据各要素的相对相关性分配其权重。主要成分的结果表明,在计算研究区域的地下水远景潜力区时,岩性的权重最低,降雨量的权重最低,地貌的权重最高。研究结果表明,约 310.2 平方公里(1.5%)具有极高的地下水潜势,16216 平方公里(77.1%)具有较高的地下水潜势,4476 平方公里(21.3%)具有中等的地下水潜势,27.77 平方公里(0.13%)具有较低的地下水潜势。在采用钻孔点和接收者工作特征曲线(ROC)方法对绘制的地下水潜势区图进行评估后,发现其相关性高达 73.8%。因此,本研究证明了利用地理信息系统和遥感工具绘制和定义地下水潜势区的可靠方法。为了对地下水管理做出及时的判断,规划者和决策者在很大程度上依赖于所绘制的 GWPZ。
{"title":"Geospatial mapping of groundwater potential zones using multi-criteria decision analysis and GIS fuzzy logic in Dabus Sub-Basin, western Ethiopia","authors":"Dawit Girma Burayu ,&nbsp;Shankar Karuppannan ,&nbsp;Gemechu Shuniye","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ethiopian groundwater assessments are often conducted using field surveys as a basis. Although conventional groundwater exploration methods yield results of varying scale and improved quality, they are typically costly and time-consuming tasks. Utilizing remotely sensed data and geographic information systems (GIS), data may now be efficiently collected, analyzed, and managed across extensive spatial and temporal scales. This study will use timely, affordable remote sensing (RS) data and GIS approaches to map the groundwater potential in the Dabus Sub-Basin in Western Ethiopia. This study examines various geographic parameters, including lithology, slope, rainfall, drainage density, lineament density, soil texture, land use/cover (LULC), and geomorphology. Weight overlay analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), particularly the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, were employed to delineate the groundwater potential zone (GWPZs). Then, using Saatty's (AHP) scale, the weights for each element were allocated based on their relative relevance. The results of the primary components show that lithology has the lowest weight and rainfall, and geomorphology has the highest weights when calculating the prospective groundwater potential zone in the research region. The findings showed that approximately 310.2 km<sup>2</sup> (1.5%) had very high groundwater potential, 16216 km<sup>2</sup> (77.1%) had high groundwater potential, 4476 km<sup>2</sup> (21.3%) had moderate groundwater potential, and 27.77 km<sup>2</sup> (0.13%) had low groundwater potential. After employing borehole points and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve method to assess the created groundwater potential zone map, a good correlation of 73.8% was found. Thus, this study demonstrates a reliable way to utilize GIS and remote sensing tools to map and define GWPZs. To make prompt judgments about groundwater management, planners and decision-makers rely heavily on the GWPZ that is produced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reconstruction of deep-water undercurrent variability from the outer Labrador Sea during the past 550,000 years
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100266
Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr , André Bahr , Patrick Blaser , Antje H.L. Voelker , Jörg Lippold , Marcus Gutjahr , David A. Hodell , James E.T. Channell , Anne de Vernal , Claude Hillaire-Marcel
We present a comprehensive multi-proxy analysis spanning 550,000 years from the outer Labrador Sea region at the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1302/1303. We combine new benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope records, with sediment elemental composition and authigenic neodymium isotope measurements, to provide insights into deep-water mass sourcing and changes of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), which exports North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) into the wider North Atlantic as part of the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
We find that a prominent DWBC likely remained a persistent feature within the Labrador Sea region throughout the past 550 kyr. However, glacial peaks of marine isotope stage (MIS) 14 to MIS 2 were consistently characterized by a weaker or shallower DWBC, while all interglacial periods of MIS 13a to MIS 1, with the exception of MIS 7e, were marked by enhanced DWBC. Additionally, the dominant deep-water masses feeding into the DWBC during these glacial-interglacial periods varied from regional (K-rich sediment, unradiogenic εNd) to more distal sources from the Nordic Seas (Ti-rich sediment, radiogenic εNd). Yet, these changes in deep-water provenance did not consistently correlate with DWBC strength, suggesting that additional factors may have played a significant role in shaping the DWBC strength or core depth throughout the geological past.
{"title":"Reconstruction of deep-water undercurrent variability from the outer Labrador Sea during the past 550,000 years","authors":"Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr ,&nbsp;André Bahr ,&nbsp;Patrick Blaser ,&nbsp;Antje H.L. Voelker ,&nbsp;Jörg Lippold ,&nbsp;Marcus Gutjahr ,&nbsp;David A. Hodell ,&nbsp;James E.T. Channell ,&nbsp;Anne de Vernal ,&nbsp;Claude Hillaire-Marcel","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a comprehensive multi-proxy analysis spanning 550,000 years from the outer Labrador Sea region at the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1302/1303. We combine new benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen (δ<sup>18</sup>O) and carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) isotope records, with sediment elemental composition and authigenic neodymium isotope measurements, to provide insights into deep-water mass sourcing and changes of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), which exports North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) into the wider North Atlantic as part of the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.</div><div>We find that a prominent DWBC likely remained a persistent feature within the Labrador Sea region throughout the past 550 kyr. However, glacial peaks of marine isotope stage (MIS) 14 to MIS 2 were consistently characterized by a weaker or shallower DWBC, while all interglacial periods of MIS 13a to MIS 1, with the exception of MIS 7e, were marked by enhanced DWBC. Additionally, the dominant deep-water masses feeding into the DWBC during these glacial-interglacial periods varied from regional (K-rich sediment, unradiogenic εNd) to more distal sources from the Nordic Seas (Ti-rich sediment, radiogenic εNd). Yet, these changes in deep-water provenance did not consistently correlate with DWBC strength, suggesting that additional factors may have played a significant role in shaping the DWBC strength or core depth throughout the geological past.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Integrated litho-structural, hydro-geochemical, and numerical modeling analysis to characterize the 40 springs discharge system, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100271
Dagnachew Daniel Molla , Fitsum Aschnaki Haile , Tarun Kumar Lohani
The 40-spring discharge system (40SDS) in Arba Minch, Ethiopia, is significantly influenced by the complex geomorphology and tectonic activities of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. These springs are the major source of water supply for drinking, domestic use, and tourism, with historical discharge rates between 130 and 250 L per second (l/s). The study aimed to characterize the 40SDS through an integrated approach using litho-structural, hydro-geochemical, and numerical modeling techniques to understand the dynamics and continuing decline rate. The results showed that faults channelize groundwater from the western plateau through the escarpment to the rift floor, discharging into Lakes Abaya and Chamo. Hydro-geochemical analysis identified magnesium (Mg2⁺), calcium (Ca2⁺), and bicarbonate as dominant ions, reflecting interactions with silicate minerals, with concentrations increasing downstream due to water-rock contact. Numerical modeling indicated that the aquifer is highly sensitive to hydraulic conductivity, with 99.8% of groundwater outflow occurring through constant head boundaries. Recharge estimates from WetSpass ranged from 0 to 331.8 mm/year, with an average of 64.7 mm/year. A lag in rainfall-discharge correlation was noted, with a 1-month lag during wet seasons and a 2-month lag during dry seasons, linking recharge to western highland precipitation. Long-term data (1981–2015) indicates a continuous decline in mean annual flow due to reduced recharge and anthropogenic pressures. The springs exhibit a Ca-Na-HCO₃ water type, contrasting with nearby Mg-Na-HCO₃-Cl surface and groundwater. This decline threatens Arba Minch's socioeconomic stability, as these springs are the primary source of water for the community. Effective management strategies are crucial for the sustainable use of this essential resource.
{"title":"Integrated litho-structural, hydro-geochemical, and numerical modeling analysis to characterize the 40 springs discharge system, Arba Minch, Ethiopia","authors":"Dagnachew Daniel Molla ,&nbsp;Fitsum Aschnaki Haile ,&nbsp;Tarun Kumar Lohani","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 40-spring discharge system (40SDS) in Arba Minch, Ethiopia, is significantly influenced by the complex geomorphology and tectonic activities of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. These springs are the major source of water supply for drinking, domestic use, and tourism, with historical discharge rates between 130 and 250 L per second (l/s). The study aimed to characterize the 40SDS through an integrated approach using litho-structural, hydro-geochemical, and numerical modeling techniques to understand the dynamics and continuing decline rate. The results showed that faults channelize groundwater from the western plateau through the escarpment to the rift floor, discharging into Lakes Abaya and Chamo. Hydro-geochemical analysis identified magnesium (Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺), calcium (Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺), and bicarbonate as dominant ions, reflecting interactions with silicate minerals, with concentrations increasing downstream due to water-rock contact. Numerical modeling indicated that the aquifer is highly sensitive to hydraulic conductivity, with 99.8% of groundwater outflow occurring through constant head boundaries. Recharge estimates from WetSpass ranged from 0 to 331.8 mm/year, with an average of 64.7 mm/year. A lag in rainfall-discharge correlation was noted, with a 1-month lag during wet seasons and a 2-month lag during dry seasons, linking recharge to western highland precipitation. Long-term data (1981–2015) indicates a continuous decline in mean annual flow due to reduced recharge and anthropogenic pressures. The springs exhibit a Ca-Na-HCO₃ water type, contrasting with nearby Mg-Na-HCO₃-Cl surface and groundwater. This decline threatens Arba Minch's socioeconomic stability, as these springs are the primary source of water for the community. Effective management strategies are crucial for the sustainable use of this essential resource.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Radiocarbon age anomalies, potential carbon sources analysis and correction of terrestrial gastropods in a loess sequence from Kunlun Mountains since 3.6 ka
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100261
Yan Hu , Peng Cheng , Jibao Dong , Haiyan Zhao , Mengyu Zang , Minwen Lan , Xuefeng Lu , Weijian Zhou
Terrestrial mollusks serve as potential radiocarbon materials for dating loess deposits in the late Quaternary. However, the reliability of gastropod shell 14C ages is complicated by two issues: open-system behavior and the limestone problem. Due to lack of assessment on the preservation status of shell fossils and factors affecting old carbon, correction for age anomalies remains an unresolved question. This study investigated two gastropod shells, Cathaica rossimontana and Succinea sp., discovered from a loess section rich in charcoal in the North Kunlun Mountains of Central Asia. By analyzing local climate condition, leaching degree, and mineral composition, we revealed that the open systems have a negligible influence on shell fossils. The values of age anomalies of Cathaica rossimontana and Succinea sp. are respectively 1788 ± 240 years and 492 ± 100 years. Furthermore, we obtained the temporal variation patterns of different carbon sources in shell fossils through a mass balance model analysis. The results indicate that the proportion of carbonate sources ranges from 17.5% to 26.8% in Cathaica rossimontana, while it ranges from 6.0% to 7.8% in Succinea sp., which may result from their size and calcium demand. Succinea sp. is recommended for stratigraphic dating for its minor age anomalies. Our study further demonstrates that snails of the same species absorb a highly consistent proportion of limestone under stable environment. This provides a theoretical basis for correcting age anomalies in fossil shells. The corrected ages of Cathaica rossimontana, based on living specimens, are consistent with reliable charcoal ages. Our findings offer a potential approach to correct the old carbon in snail fossils and facilitate the reliable dating for loess deposits in Central Asia.
{"title":"Radiocarbon age anomalies, potential carbon sources analysis and correction of terrestrial gastropods in a loess sequence from Kunlun Mountains since 3.6 ka","authors":"Yan Hu ,&nbsp;Peng Cheng ,&nbsp;Jibao Dong ,&nbsp;Haiyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Mengyu Zang ,&nbsp;Minwen Lan ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Lu ,&nbsp;Weijian Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terrestrial mollusks serve as potential radiocarbon materials for dating loess deposits in the late Quaternary. However, the reliability of gastropod shell <sup>14</sup>C ages is complicated by two issues: open-system behavior and the limestone problem. Due to lack of assessment on the preservation status of shell fossils and factors affecting old carbon, correction for age anomalies remains an unresolved question. This study investigated two gastropod shells, <em>Cathaica</em> <em>rossimontana</em> and <em>Succinea</em> sp., discovered from a loess section rich in charcoal in the North Kunlun Mountains of Central Asia. By analyzing local climate condition, leaching degree, and mineral composition, we revealed that the open systems have a negligible influence on shell fossils. The values of age anomalies of <em>Cathaica</em> <em>rossimontana</em> and <em>Succinea</em> sp. are respectively 1788 ± 240 years and 492 ± 100 years. Furthermore, we obtained the temporal variation patterns of different carbon sources in shell fossils through a mass balance model analysis. The results indicate that the proportion of carbonate sources ranges from 17.5% to 26.8% in <em>Cathaica</em> <em>rossimontana</em>, while it ranges from 6.0% to 7.8% in <em>Succinea</em> sp., which may result from their size and calcium demand. <em>Succinea</em> sp. is recommended for stratigraphic dating for its minor age anomalies. Our study further demonstrates that snails of the same species absorb a highly consistent proportion of limestone under stable environment. This provides a theoretical basis for correcting age anomalies in fossil shells. The corrected ages of <em>Cathaica</em> <em>rossimontana</em>, based on living specimens, are consistent with reliable charcoal ages. Our findings offer a potential approach to correct the old carbon in snail fossils and facilitate the reliable dating for loess deposits in Central Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reconciling the environmental implications of late Quaternary faunal and pollen records in southern Africa
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100259
Alexandra L. Norwood , John Rowan , J. Tyler Faith
Across southern Africa, the Pleistocene-Holocene transition was associated with changes in community composition of large mammalian herbivores, which included the extinction and extirpation of numerous grazers. Past research has often linked these changes to the contraction and disappearance of grasslands; however, the relationship between faunal and pollen records spanning this transition has not been systematically analyzed. Here, we investigate changes in fossil ungulate community composition and grass pollen abundance from late Quaternary sites across southern Africa to evaluate the extent to which these communities track paleovegetation change across this interval. Our dataset draws from faunal and pollen records across southern Africa. Results from the comparison of compositional changes in both records suggest a sub-continental-scale decoupling of grass cover and ungulate community composition during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Although there is strong evidence for a regional-scale decline in grazers from the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition to the early Holocene, there is no evidence for regional-scale declines in grassy vegetation. Several potential mechanisms may account for this decoupling of grazers and grass abundance. The possible strengthening of winter rainfall systems during glacial Pleistocene may have played a role by enhancing year-round availability of grasses in the interior and by elevating moisture availability and productivity in the Cape Floristic Region. Alternatively, current paleoecological data allow for the possibility that Pleistocene ‘grazers’ consumed more dicots, such that their decline at the onset of the Holocene reflects dietary niche contraction rather than vegetation change. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence challenging the link between grass abundance and grazer diversity and complicate our understanding of the drivers of late Quaternary extinctions in southern Africa.
{"title":"Reconciling the environmental implications of late Quaternary faunal and pollen records in southern Africa","authors":"Alexandra L. Norwood ,&nbsp;John Rowan ,&nbsp;J. Tyler Faith","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Across southern Africa, the Pleistocene-Holocene transition was associated with changes in community composition of large mammalian herbivores, which included the extinction and extirpation of numerous grazers. Past research has often linked these changes to the contraction and disappearance of grasslands; however, the relationship between faunal and pollen records spanning this transition has not been systematically analyzed. Here, we investigate changes in fossil ungulate community composition and grass pollen abundance from late Quaternary sites across southern Africa to evaluate the extent to which these communities track paleovegetation change across this interval. Our dataset draws from faunal and pollen records across southern Africa. Results from the comparison of compositional changes in both records suggest a sub-continental-scale decoupling of grass cover and ungulate community composition during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Although there is strong evidence for a regional-scale decline in grazers from the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition to the early Holocene, there is no evidence for regional-scale declines in grassy vegetation. Several potential mechanisms may account for this decoupling of grazers and grass abundance. The possible strengthening of winter rainfall systems during glacial Pleistocene may have played a role by enhancing year-round availability of grasses in the interior and by elevating moisture availability and productivity in the Cape Floristic Region. Alternatively, current paleoecological data allow for the possibility that Pleistocene ‘grazers’ consumed more dicots, such that their decline at the onset of the Holocene reflects dietary niche contraction rather than vegetation change. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence challenging the link between grass abundance and grazer diversity and complicate our understanding of the drivers of late Quaternary extinctions in southern Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Testing the reliability of geometric morphometric and computer vision methods to identify carnivore agency using Bi-Dimensional information
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100268
Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo , Marina Vegara-Riquelme , Juan Palomeque-González , Blanca Jiménez-García , Gabriel Cifuentes-Alcobendas , Marcos Pizarro-Monzo , Elia Organista , Enrique Baquedano
Bidimensional information of tooth marks and other bone surface modifications (BSM) presents limitations, as highlighted in this study. Here, we establish a methodological comparison on a controlled experimentally-derived set of BSM generated by four different types of carnivores, using geometric morphometric (GMM) and computer vision (CV) methods. We highlight that previous generalizations of high accuracy on tooth marks using GMM are heuristically incomplete, because only a small range of allometrically-conditioned tooth pits have been used. Biased replication and exclusion of the most widely represented forms of non-oval tooth pits from such analyses have compromised the published results and their ensuing generalizations. Here, we document bidimensionally a much wider range of tooth pits, using their outlines (and not a limited set of non-reproducible idem locus semi-landmarks), through Fourier analyses. The resulting tooth mark sets show low accuracy (and resolution) in the classification of tooth marks per carnivore modifying agent. This low resolution is also reproduced when using a semi-landmark approach. In contrast, our study demonstrates that CV approaches, through Deep Learning (DL), using convolutional neural networks (DCNN), and Few-Shot Learning (FSL) models, classify experimental tooth pits with 81% and 79.52% accuracy, respectively, being equally efficient at classification. However, a limitation in CV methods occurs when applied to the fossil record, as BSM undergo dynamic transformations over time. The most impactful processes occur early in taphonomic history, altering the original BSM properties. Consequently, no objective referents exist for marks combining original and subsequent diagenetically or biostratinomically modifying processes. However, in well-preserved contexts, such as the 1.8 Ma tooth marks from some of the Olduvai sites, confidence in interpretations can be high with convergent CV models indicating high agent attribution probability. While GMM shows potential in 3D, its current bidimensional application yields limited discriminant power (<40%). Thus, future research should utilize complete 3D topographical information for more complex GMM and CV analyses, potentially resolving current interpretive challenges. Despite necessary cautions, these new methods offer an unprecedented objective means of classifying BSM to taxon-specific agency with confidence indicators. Continued research should refine these approaches, enhancing the reliability of prehistoric interpretations.
{"title":"Testing the reliability of geometric morphometric and computer vision methods to identify carnivore agency using Bi-Dimensional information","authors":"Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Marina Vegara-Riquelme ,&nbsp;Juan Palomeque-González ,&nbsp;Blanca Jiménez-García ,&nbsp;Gabriel Cifuentes-Alcobendas ,&nbsp;Marcos Pizarro-Monzo ,&nbsp;Elia Organista ,&nbsp;Enrique Baquedano","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bidimensional information of tooth marks and other bone surface modifications (BSM) presents limitations, as highlighted in this study. Here, we establish a methodological comparison on a controlled experimentally-derived set of BSM generated by four different types of carnivores, using geometric morphometric (GMM) and computer vision (CV) methods. We highlight that previous generalizations of high accuracy on tooth marks using GMM are heuristically incomplete, because only a small range of allometrically-conditioned tooth pits have been used. Biased replication and exclusion of the most widely represented forms of non-oval tooth pits from such analyses have compromised the published results and their ensuing generalizations. Here, we document bidimensionally a much wider range of tooth pits, using their outlines (and not a limited set of non-reproducible <em>idem locus</em> semi-landmarks), through Fourier analyses. The resulting tooth mark sets show low accuracy (and resolution) in the classification of tooth marks per carnivore modifying agent. This low resolution is also reproduced when using a semi-landmark approach. In contrast, our study demonstrates that CV approaches, through Deep Learning (DL), using convolutional neural networks (DCNN), and Few-Shot Learning (FSL) models, classify experimental tooth pits with 81% and 79.52% accuracy, respectively, being equally efficient at classification. However, a limitation in CV methods occurs when applied to the fossil record, as BSM undergo dynamic transformations over time. The most impactful processes occur early in taphonomic history, altering the original BSM properties. Consequently, no objective referents exist for marks combining original and subsequent diagenetically or biostratinomically modifying processes. However, in well-preserved contexts, such as the 1.8 Ma tooth marks from some of the Olduvai sites, confidence in interpretations can be high with convergent CV models indicating high agent attribution probability. While GMM shows potential in 3D, its current bidimensional application yields limited discriminant power (&lt;40%). Thus, future research should utilize complete 3D topographical information for more complex GMM and CV analyses, potentially resolving current interpretive challenges. Despite necessary cautions, these new methods offer an unprecedented objective means of classifying BSM to taxon-specific agency with confidence indicators. Continued research should refine these approaches, enhancing the reliability of prehistoric interpretations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human Response to Cold Climate: First Evidence from the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Glacial Maximum
IF 2.9 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100269
Wenli Li , Weijian Zhou , Peng Cheng , Peixian Shu , Yikun Li , John Dodson , Yuda Chui , Yan Hu , Ling Yang , Hua Du , Xuefeng Lu
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a hotspot for early human history research, however, there is no evidence of prehistoric human activity on the southern TP during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Thus, it remains unclear how the cold climate affected human activities and whether humans could survive such extremes on the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we present eight AMS 14C dates obtained from charcoal at a newly discovered blade site-Pengbuwuqing (PBWQ) in the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley basin, southern TP. We have also identified ochre at Paleolithic sites on the TP for the first time. Our chronological data indicate the human occupation of the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin during MIS2 (cal 29.2–27.0 kyr B.P), (cal 25.03–24.37 kyr B.P), and (cal 23.7–23.1 kyr B.P). This site represents the first evidence of human activity during the LGM in the southern TP valley and indicates that the southern TP river valley could have served as a refugium enabling prehistoric humans to survive the cold LGM on the TP.
{"title":"Human Response to Cold Climate: First Evidence from the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Glacial Maximum","authors":"Wenli Li ,&nbsp;Weijian Zhou ,&nbsp;Peng Cheng ,&nbsp;Peixian Shu ,&nbsp;Yikun Li ,&nbsp;John Dodson ,&nbsp;Yuda Chui ,&nbsp;Yan Hu ,&nbsp;Ling Yang ,&nbsp;Hua Du ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2025.100269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a hotspot for early human history research, however, there is no evidence of prehistoric human activity on the southern TP during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Thus, it remains unclear how the cold climate affected human activities and whether humans could survive such extremes on the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we present eight AMS <sup>14</sup>C dates obtained from charcoal at a newly discovered blade site-Pengbuwuqing (PBWQ) in the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley basin, southern TP. We have also identified ochre at Paleolithic sites on the TP for the first time. Our chronological data indicate the human occupation of the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin during MIS2 (cal 29.2–27.0 kyr B.P), (cal 25.03–24.37 kyr B.P), and (cal 23.7–23.1 kyr B.P). This site represents the first evidence of human activity during the LGM in the southern TP valley and indicates that the southern TP river valley could have served as a refugium enabling prehistoric humans to survive the cold LGM on the TP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Quaternary Science Advances
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