阿巴拉契亚弗吉尼亚州的饮用水源、水质和相关健康结果:两个县的风险特征研究。

IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES International journal of hygiene and environmental health Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114390
Alasdair Cohen , Md Rasheduzzaman , Bethesda O'Connell , Teresa Brown , Mami Taniuchi , Leigh-Anne Krometis , Alan Hubbard , Phillip Scheuerman , Marc Edwards , Amanda Darling , Blaine Pennala , Sarah Price , Breanna Lytton , Erin Wettstone , Suporn Pholwat , Honorine Ward , Daniel R. Hallinger , Steven O. Simmons , Shannon M. Griffin , Jason Kobylanski , Timothy J. Wade
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引用次数: 0

摘要

目标:在美国,收入较低的农村地区,尤其是阿巴拉契亚中部地区,违反饮用水法规的情况最为严重。然而,有关阿巴拉契亚农村地区饮用水的使用、质量和相关健康结果的数据却很有限。我们试图评估生活在弗吉尼亚州阿巴拉契亚农村地区的个人的公共和私人饮用水源以及接触水传播病原体的相关风险因素:我们对弗吉尼亚州西南部(与肯塔基州和田纳西州接壤)两个相邻农村县的低收入家庭进行了调查,并收集了自来水、瓶装水和唾液样本。对水样进行了 pH 值、温度、电导率、总大肠菌群、大肠杆菌、游离氯、硝酸盐、氟化物、重金属和特定病原体目标的检测。对唾液样本进行了分析,以检测其对潜在水传播感染的抗体反应。我们还与住户分享了水分析结果:我们登记了 33 个家庭(83 人),其中 82% 的家庭(n = 27)使用公用事业供水,18% 的家庭使用私人水井(n = 3)或泉水(n = 3)。58%(n = 19)的家庭收入为结论收入:据我们所知,这是第一项收集和分析阿巴拉契亚中部低收入家庭的饮用水样本、唾液样本和报告的健康结果数据的研究。我们的研究结果表明,该地区的自来水总体上是安全的,而没有自来水或下水道的低收入家庭中的个人接触水传播病原体的几率更高。
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Drinking water sources, quality, and associated health outcomes in Appalachian Virginia: A risk characterization study in two counties

Objectives

In the US, violations of drinking water regulations are highest in lower-income rural areas overall, and particularly in Central Appalachia. However, data on drinking water use, quality, and associated health outcomes in rural Appalachia are limited. We sought to assess public and private drinking water sources and associated risk factors for waterborne pathogen exposures for individuals living in rural regions of Appalachian Virginia.

Methods

We administered surveys and collected tap water, bottled water, and saliva samples in lower-income households in two adjacent rural counties in southwest Virginia (bordering Kentucky and Tennessee). Water samples were tested for pH, temperature, conductivity, total coliforms, E. coli, free chlorine, nitrate, fluoride, heavy metals, and specific pathogen targets. Saliva samples were analyzed for antibody responses to potentially waterborne infections. We also shared water analysis results with households.

Results

We enrolled 33 households (83 individuals), 82% (n = 27) with utility-supplied water and 18% with private wells (n = 3) or springs (n = 3). 58% (n = 19) reported household incomes of <$20,000/year. Total coliforms were detected in water samples from 33% (n = 11) of homes, E. coli in 12%, all with wells or springs (n = 4), and Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Enterobacter in 9%, all spring water (n = 3). Diarrhea was reported for 10% of individuals (n = 8), but was not associated with E. coli detection. 34% (n = 15) of saliva samples had detectable antibody responses for Cryptosporidium spp., C. jejuni, and Hepatitis E. After controlling for covariates and clustering, individuals in households with septic systems and straight pipes had significantly higher likelihoods of antibody detection (risk ratios = 3.28, 95%CI = 1.01–10.65).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study to collect and analyze drinking water samples, saliva samples, and reported health outcome data from low-income households in Central Appalachia. Our findings indicate that utility-supplied water in this region was generally safe, and individuals in low-income households without utility-supplied water or sewerage have higher exposures to waterborne pathogens.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.50
自引率
5.00%
发文量
151
审稿时长
22 days
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health serves as a multidisciplinary forum for original reports on exposure assessment and the reactions to and consequences of human exposure to the biological, chemical, and physical environment. Research reports, short communications, reviews, scientific comments, technical notes, and editorials will be peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication. Priority will be given to articles on epidemiological aspects of environmental toxicology, health risk assessments, susceptible (sub) populations, sanitation and clean water, human biomonitoring, environmental medicine, and public health aspects of exposure-related outcomes.
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