Recent advances in the fabrication, characterization and application of starch-based materials for active food packaging: hydrogels and aerogels

With the increasing awareness of the harmful effects of plastics on the environment, the demand for biodegradable packaging materials is growing. Over the last decade, starch-based colloidal materials including hydrogels and aerogels have attracted widespread attention owing to their abundant supply, complete biodegradability and unique properties. This review aimed to provide an overview of the fabrication methods of starch-based hydrogels and aerogels, summarize the effects of internal and external factors on the structural and physicochemical properties of starch-based hydrogels and aerogels, and focus on the evaluation of their application in active food packaging. Hydrogels are sensitive to environmental changes, giving them unique advantages in smart packaging applications. In addition, aerogels have a distinctive place in the delivery and release of active substances based on large surface areas and high porosity. Starch-based hydrogels and aerogels will provide great potential in the application of food packaging.