印度德里九年期间 PM2.5 中微量元素的洞察研究:季节性变化、来源分配和健康风险评估。

IF 3.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI:10.1007/s00244-024-01070-0
Sakshi Gupta, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Preeti Tiwari, Narayanasamy Vijayan
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本研究调查了 2013 年 1 月至 2021 年 12 月期间印度德里(北纬 28°38',东经 77°10';海拔 218 米)市区 PM2.5 的浓度、季节性变化、来源以及与暴露于重金属元素(砷、铝、铅、铬、锰、铜、锌和镍)相关的人类健康风险。在整个研究期间,PM2.5 的平均质量浓度估计为 127 ± 77 µg m-3,超过了《国家环境空气质量标准》(NAAQS)的限值(全年:40 µg m-3;24 小时:60 µg m-3)。PM2.5 的季节性质量浓度依次为季风后(192 ± 110 微克/立方米)> 冬季(158 ± 70 微克/立方米)> 夏季(92 ± 44 微克/立方米)> 季风(67 ± 32 微克/立方米)。重元素铝(1.19 微克/毫升-3)、锌(0.49 微克/毫升-3)、铅(0.43 微克/毫升-3)、铬(0.21 微克/毫升-3)、铜(0.21 微克/毫升-3)、锰(0.07 微克/毫升-3)和镍(0.14 微克/毫升-3)在 PM2.5 中的浓度各不相同,季风后季节的浓度最高,其次是冬季、夏季和季风季节。在整个研究期间,通过正矩阵因式分解(PMF)确定了导致 PM2.5 的六个主要来源,如扬尘(铺面/沙土/土壤扬尘:29.9%)、车辆排放(17.2%)、生物质燃烧(15.4%)、燃烧(14%)、工业排放(14.2%)和富含 Br 的来源(9.2%)。健康风险评估,包括危害商数(HQ)、危害指数(HI)和致癌风险(CR),是根据 PM2.5 中的重元素浓度计算得出的。铬和锰的 HQ 值升高与成人和儿童的不良健康影响有关。在冬季和季风后季节,成人和儿童的铬致癌风险值都很高,而在夏季和季风季节,成人的铬致癌风险值也很高。综合 HI 值超过 1 表明所研究的元素具有明显的非致癌风险。这项研究的结果为了解 PM2.5 中重元素的行为和风险缓解提供了宝贵的见解,有助于理解德里城市环境中的空气质量和公共健康。
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Insight Study of Trace Elements in PM2.5 During Nine Years in Delhi, India: Seasonal Variation, Source Apportionment, and Health Risks Assessment

This study investigated the concentrations, seasonal variations, sources, and human health risks associated with exposure to heavy elements (As, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) of PM2.5 at an urban location of Delhi (28° 38′ N, 77° 10′ E; 218 m amsl), India, from January 2013 to December 2021. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 throughout the study period was estimated as 127 ± 77 µg m−3, which is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limit (annual: 40 µg m−3; 24 h: 60 µg m−3). The seasonal mass concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited at the order of post-monsoon (192 ± 110 µgm−3) > winter (158 ± 70 µgm−3) > summer (92 ± 44 µgm−3) and > monsoon (67 ± 32 µgm−3). The heavy elements, Al (1.19 µg m−3), Zn (0.49 µg m−3), Pb (0.43 µg m−3), Cr (0.21 µg m−3), Cu (0.21 µg m−3), Mn (0.07 µg m−3), and Ni (0.14 µg m−3) exhibited varying concentrations in PM2.5, with the highest levels observed in the post-monsoon season, followed by winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Six primary sources throughout the study period, contributing to PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), such as dust (paved/crustal/soil dust: 29.9%), vehicular emissions (17.2%), biomass burning (15.4%), combustion (14%), industrial emissions (14.2%), and Br-rich sources (9.2%). Health risk assessments, including hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), were computed based on heavy elements concentrations in PM2.5. Elevated HQ values for Cr and Mn linked with adverse health impacts in both adults and children. High carcinogenic risk values were observed for Cr in both adults and children during the winter and post-monsoon seasons, as well as in adults during the summer and monsoon seasons. The combined HI value exceeding one suggests appreciable non-carcinogenic risks associated with the examined elements. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour and risk mitigation of heavy elements in PM2.5, contributing to the understanding of air quality and public health in the urban environment of Delhi.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
7.00
自引率
2.50%
发文量
63
审稿时长
8-16 weeks
期刊介绍: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides a place for the publication of timely, detailed, and definitive scientific studies pertaining to the source, transport, fate and / or effects of contaminants in the environment. The journal will consider submissions dealing with new analytical and toxicological techniques that advance our understanding of the source, transport, fate and / or effects of contaminants in the environment. AECT will now consider mini-reviews (where length including references is less than 5,000 words), which highlight case studies, a geographic topic of interest, or a timely subject of debate. AECT will also consider Special Issues on subjects of broad interest. The journal strongly encourages authors to ensure that their submission places a strong emphasis on ecosystem processes; submissions limited to technical aspects of such areas as toxicity testing for single chemicals, wastewater effluent characterization, human occupation exposure, or agricultural phytotoxicity are unlikely to be considered.
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