{"title":"印度德里九年期间 PM2.5 中微量元素的洞察研究:季节性变化、来源分配和健康风险评估。","authors":"Sakshi Gupta, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Preeti Tiwari, Narayanasamy Vijayan","doi":"10.1007/s00244-024-01070-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the concentrations, seasonal variations, sources, and human health risks associated with exposure to heavy elements (As, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> at an urban location of Delhi (28° 38′ N, 77° 10′ E; 218 m amsl), India, from January 2013 to December 2021. The average mass concentration of PM<sub>2.5</sub> throughout the study period was estimated as 127 ± 77 µg m<sup>−3</sup>, which is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limit (annual: 40 µg m<sup>−3</sup>; 24 h: 60 µg m<sup>−3</sup>). The seasonal mass concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> exhibited at the order of post-monsoon (192 ± 110 µgm<sup>−3</sup>) > winter (158 ± 70 µgm<sup>−3</sup>) > summer (92 ± 44 µgm<sup>−3</sup>) and > monsoon (67 ± 32 µgm<sup>−3</sup>). The heavy elements, Al (1.19 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Zn (0.49 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Pb (0.43 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Cr (0.21 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Cu (0.21 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Mn (0.07 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), and Ni (0.14 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) exhibited varying concentrations in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, with the highest levels observed in the post-monsoon season, followed by winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Six primary sources throughout the study period, contributing to PM<sub>2.5</sub> were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), such as dust (paved/crustal/soil dust: 29.9%), vehicular emissions (17.2%), biomass burning (15.4%), combustion (14%), industrial emissions (14.2%), and Br-rich sources (9.2%). Health risk assessments, including hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), were computed based on heavy elements concentrations in PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Elevated HQ values for Cr and Mn linked with adverse health impacts in both adults and children. High carcinogenic risk values were observed for Cr in both adults and children during the winter and post-monsoon seasons, as well as in adults during the summer and monsoon seasons. The combined HI value exceeding one suggests appreciable non-carcinogenic risks associated with the examined elements. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour and risk mitigation of heavy elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, contributing to the understanding of air quality and public health in the urban environment of Delhi.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8377,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Insight Study of Trace Elements in PM2.5 During Nine Years in Delhi, India: Seasonal Variation, Source Apportionment, and Health Risks Assessment\",\"authors\":\"Sakshi Gupta, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Preeti Tiwari, Narayanasamy Vijayan\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00244-024-01070-0\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>This study investigated the concentrations, seasonal variations, sources, and human health risks associated with exposure to heavy elements (As, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) of PM<sub>2.5</sub> at an urban location of Delhi (28° 38′ N, 77° 10′ E; 218 m amsl), India, from January 2013 to December 2021. The average mass concentration of PM<sub>2.5</sub> throughout the study period was estimated as 127 ± 77 µg m<sup>−3</sup>, which is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limit (annual: 40 µg m<sup>−3</sup>; 24 h: 60 µg m<sup>−3</sup>). The seasonal mass concentrations of PM<sub>2.5</sub> exhibited at the order of post-monsoon (192 ± 110 µgm<sup>−3</sup>) > winter (158 ± 70 µgm<sup>−3</sup>) > summer (92 ± 44 µgm<sup>−3</sup>) and > monsoon (67 ± 32 µgm<sup>−3</sup>). The heavy elements, Al (1.19 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Zn (0.49 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Pb (0.43 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Cr (0.21 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Cu (0.21 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), Mn (0.07 µg m<sup>−3</sup>), and Ni (0.14 µg m<sup>−3</sup>) exhibited varying concentrations in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, with the highest levels observed in the post-monsoon season, followed by winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Six primary sources throughout the study period, contributing to PM<sub>2.5</sub> were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), such as dust (paved/crustal/soil dust: 29.9%), vehicular emissions (17.2%), biomass burning (15.4%), combustion (14%), industrial emissions (14.2%), and Br-rich sources (9.2%). Health risk assessments, including hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), were computed based on heavy elements concentrations in PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Elevated HQ values for Cr and Mn linked with adverse health impacts in both adults and children. High carcinogenic risk values were observed for Cr in both adults and children during the winter and post-monsoon seasons, as well as in adults during the summer and monsoon seasons. The combined HI value exceeding one suggests appreciable non-carcinogenic risks associated with the examined elements. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour and risk mitigation of heavy elements in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, contributing to the understanding of air quality and public health in the urban environment of Delhi.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":8377,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-05-28\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-024-01070-0\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-024-01070-0","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Insight Study of Trace Elements in PM2.5 During Nine Years in Delhi, India: Seasonal Variation, Source Apportionment, and Health Risks Assessment
This study investigated the concentrations, seasonal variations, sources, and human health risks associated with exposure to heavy elements (As, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni) of PM2.5 at an urban location of Delhi (28° 38′ N, 77° 10′ E; 218 m amsl), India, from January 2013 to December 2021. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 throughout the study period was estimated as 127 ± 77 µg m−3, which is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limit (annual: 40 µg m−3; 24 h: 60 µg m−3). The seasonal mass concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited at the order of post-monsoon (192 ± 110 µgm−3) > winter (158 ± 70 µgm−3) > summer (92 ± 44 µgm−3) and > monsoon (67 ± 32 µgm−3). The heavy elements, Al (1.19 µg m−3), Zn (0.49 µg m−3), Pb (0.43 µg m−3), Cr (0.21 µg m−3), Cu (0.21 µg m−3), Mn (0.07 µg m−3), and Ni (0.14 µg m−3) exhibited varying concentrations in PM2.5, with the highest levels observed in the post-monsoon season, followed by winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Six primary sources throughout the study period, contributing to PM2.5 were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), such as dust (paved/crustal/soil dust: 29.9%), vehicular emissions (17.2%), biomass burning (15.4%), combustion (14%), industrial emissions (14.2%), and Br-rich sources (9.2%). Health risk assessments, including hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), were computed based on heavy elements concentrations in PM2.5. Elevated HQ values for Cr and Mn linked with adverse health impacts in both adults and children. High carcinogenic risk values were observed for Cr in both adults and children during the winter and post-monsoon seasons, as well as in adults during the summer and monsoon seasons. The combined HI value exceeding one suggests appreciable non-carcinogenic risks associated with the examined elements. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behaviour and risk mitigation of heavy elements in PM2.5, contributing to the understanding of air quality and public health in the urban environment of Delhi.
期刊介绍:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides a place for the publication of timely, detailed, and definitive scientific studies pertaining to the source, transport, fate and / or effects of contaminants in the environment. The journal will consider submissions dealing with new analytical and toxicological techniques that advance our understanding of the source, transport, fate and / or effects of contaminants in the environment. AECT will now consider mini-reviews (where length including references is less than 5,000 words), which highlight case studies, a geographic topic of interest, or a timely subject of debate. AECT will also consider Special Issues on subjects of broad interest. The journal strongly encourages authors to ensure that their submission places a strong emphasis on ecosystem processes; submissions limited to technical aspects of such areas as toxicity testing for single chemicals, wastewater effluent characterization, human occupation exposure, or agricultural phytotoxicity are unlikely to be considered.