支持、反对和超越:西班牙医护人员对临终医疗协助的立场。

IF 3 1区 哲学 Q1 ETHICS BMC Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI:10.1186/s12910-024-01069-1
Iris Parra Jounou, Rosana Triviño-Caballero, Maite Cruz-Piqueras
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引用次数: 0

摘要

背景:2021 年,西班牙成为南欧第一个赋予并提供安乐死和医学协助自杀权利的国家。根据法律规定,国家有义务确保通过医疗服务实现这一权利,这意味着医疗专业人员的参与至关重要。然而,该法的实施情况并不均衡。我们的研究重点是了解可能存在的伦理冲突,这些冲突形成了对临终医疗协助实践的不同立场,找出这些冲突背后的核心理念,并提出造成这种差异的可能原因。所获得的知识有助于理解其复杂性,揭示矛盾的特征,并制定策略以提高他们的参与度:我们在 2023 年 3 月至 5 月期间,通过半结构化访谈(1 小时)的方式,对来自马德里、加泰罗尼亚和安达卢西亚的 25 名医生和护士进行了探索性定性研究,他们分别来自初级医疗(12 人)、医院医疗(7 人)和姑息治疗(6 人),其中有 17 名女性和 8 名男性。访谈由 Atlas.ti 软件记录、转录和编码,采用主题和解释方法建立概念模型:我们确定了 MAiD 的四种方法:完全支持 (FS)、有条件支持 (CS)、有条件拒绝 (CR) 和完全拒绝 (FR)。完全支持和完全拒绝符合 MAiD 的传统支持和反对立场。然而,在这两者之间还有一个灰色区域,这就是无法事先预测其参与程度的条件描述。根据他们对以下四种核心理念的不同诠释,对他们进行了区分:临终关怀、宗教、职业责任/伦理和病人自主权。这些观点可能相互交叉,这意味着参与者的立场是多因果关系和复杂的。他们在进行道德推理时所使用的道德权威来源不同,以及他们对自主的态度是个人主义还是关系主义,这些都可以解释他们立场之间的分歧:医护专业人员对多重急性损伤和残疾的道德观点最终没有达成一致,而是共存的。了解哪些案例特别难以评估,或哪些方面的法律不容易解释,将有助于制定新的策略、澄清法律框架或指导道德推理和教育,从而减少不可预测的不参与医疗援助的情况。
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For, against, and beyond: healthcare professionals' positions on Medical Assistance in Dying in Spain.

Background: In 2021, Spain became the first Southern European country to grant and provide the right to euthanasia and medically assisted suicide. According to the law, the State has the obligation to ensure its access through the health services, which means that healthcare professionals' participation is crucial. Nevertheless, its implementation has been uneven. Our research focuses on understanding possible ethical conflicts that shape different positions towards the practice of Medical Assistance in Dying, on identifying which core ideas may be underlying them, and on suggesting possible reasons for this disparity. The knowledge acquired contributes to understanding its complexity, shedding light into ambivalent profiles and creating strategies to increase their participation.

Methods: We conducted an exploratory qualitative research study by means of semi-structured interviews (1 h) with 25 physicians and nurses from primary care (12), hospital care (7), and palliative care (6), 17 women and 8 men, recruited from Madrid, Catalonia, and Andalusia between March and May 2023. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded in Atlas.ti software by means of thematic and interpretative methods to develop a conceptual model.

Results: We identified four approaches to MAiD: Full Support (FS), Conditioned Support (CS), Conditioned Rejection (CR), and Full Rejection (FR). Full Support and Full Rejection fitted the traditional for and against positions on MAiD. Nevertheless, there was a gray area in between represented by conditioned profiles, whose participation cannot be predicted beforehand. The profiles were differentiated considering their different interpretations of four core ideas: end-of-life care, religion, professional duty/deontology, and patient autonomy. These ideas can intersect, which means that participants' positions are multicausal and complex. Divergences between profiles can be explained by different sources of moral authority used in their moral reasoning and their individualistic or relational approach to autonomy.

Conclusions: There is ultimately no agreement but rather a coexistence of plural moral perspectives regarding MAiD among healthcare professionals. Comprehending which cases are especially difficult to evaluate or which aspects of the law are not easy to interpret will help in developing new strategies, clarifying the legal framework, or guiding moral reasoning and education with the aim of reducing unpredictable non-participations in MAID.

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来源期刊
BMC Medical Ethics
BMC Medical Ethics MEDICAL ETHICS-
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
7.40%
发文量
108
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: BMC Medical Ethics is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles in relation to the ethical aspects of biomedical research and clinical practice, including professional choices and conduct, medical technologies, healthcare systems and health policies.
期刊最新文献
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