钽电解电容器在极端动态冲击下的失效行为:机械-电气模型和微观表征

Xiangyu Han, Da Yu, Cheng Chen, Keren Dai
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摘要

钽电解电容器具有寿命长、温度稳定性高、储能能力强等性能优势,是包括穿透武器在内的许多军用机电一体化设备中不可或缺的微型储能装置。后者是用于打击战略目标的高价值弹药,通过使用穿透引信作为控制系统来确保其爆炸点的精确性。然而,在穿透过程中发生的剧烈动态冲击会导致钽电容器的漏电流激增,从而造成点火能量损失,这可能会导致弹药半爆裂,甚至有时会误发。为解决穿甲引信对钽电容器可靠设计的迫切需求,本研究计算了钽电容器在撞击过程中可接受的最大漏电流,并使用弯刀锤对两种不同类型的钽电容器进行了测试。结果发现,在极端冲击下,钽电容器的泄漏电流会急剧增加,导致功能失效。考虑到钽电容器电介质的压阻效应以及电介质与负电极在压力作用下接触面积的变化,在 COMSOL 软件中建立了微尺度的力-电仿真模型。仿真结果与实验结果一致,预计钽电容器的泄漏电流将随着压力的增加而呈指数增长,最终根据该模型完全失效。最后,通过电子显微镜观察了钽电容器烧结单元在无压和有压状态下的形态变化。在压力下可观察到 Ta-Ta2O5 烧结分子簇的断裂颗粒,以及 MnO2 负极基底的裂纹,证明在微米尺度上产生了巨大的应力和应变。
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Failure behavior of tantalum electrolytic capacitors under extreme dynamic impact: Mechanical–electrical model and microscale characterization
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors have performance advantages of long life, high temperature stability, and high energy storage capacity and are essential micro-energy storage devices in many pieces of military mechatronic equipment, including penetration weapons. The latter are high-value ammunition used to strike strategic targets, and precision in their blast point is ensured through the use of penetration fuzes as control systems. However, the extreme dynamic impact that occurs during penetration causes a surge in the leakage current of tantalum capacitors, resulting in a loss of ignition energy, which can lead to ammunition half-burst or even sometimes misfire. To address the urgent need for a reliable design of tantalum capacitor for penetration fuzes, in this study, the maximum acceptable leakage current of a tantalum capacitor during impact is calculated, and two different types of tantalum capacitors are tested using a machete hammer. It is found that the leakage current of tantalum capacitors increases sharply under extreme impact, causing functional failure. Considering the piezoresistive effect of the tantalum capacitor dielectric and the changes in the contact area between the dielectric and the negative electrode under pressure, a force–electric simulation model at the microscale is established in COMSOL software. The simulation results align favorably with the experimental results, and it is anticipated that the leakage current of a tantalum capacitor will experience exponential growth with increasing pressure, ultimately culminating in complete failure according to this model. Finally, the morphological changes in tantalum capacitor sintered cells both without pressure and under pressure are characterized by electron microscopy. Broken particles of Ta–Ta2O5 sintered molecular clusters are observed under pressure, together with cracks in the MnO2 negative base, proving that large stresses and strains are generated at the micrometer scale.
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