Extension operators and Korn inequality for variable coefficients in perforated domains with applications to homogenization of viscoelastic non-simple materials

In this paper we present the homogenization for nonlinear viscoelastic second-grade non-simple perforated materials at large strain in the quasistatic setting. The reference domain \(\Omega _{\varepsilon }\) is periodically perforated and is depending on the scaling parameter \(\varepsilon \) which describes the ratio between the size of the whole domain and the small periodic perforations. The mechanical energy depends on the gradient and also the second gradient of the deformation, and also respects positivity of the determinant of the deformation gradient. For the viscous stress we assume dynamic frame indifference and it is therefore depending on the rate of the Cauchy-stress tensor. For the derivation of the homogenized model for \(\varepsilon \rightarrow 0\) we use the method of two-scale convergence. For this uniform a priori estimates with respect to \(\varepsilon \) are necessary. The most crucial part is to estimate the rate of the deformation gradient. Due to the time-dependent frame indifference of the viscous term, we only get coercivity with respect to the rate of the Cauchy-stress tensor. To overcome this problem we derive a Korn inequality for non-constant coefficients on the perforated domain. The crucial point is to verify that the constant in this inequality, which is usually depending on the domain, can be chosen independently of the parameter \(\varepsilon \). Further, we construct an extension operator for second order Sobolev spaces on perforated domains with operator norm independent of \(\varepsilon \).