The performance of encoder–decoder neural networks for leak detection in water distribution networks

This work outlines the performance of three variants of deep neural networks for leak detection in water distribution networks, namely – autoencoders (AEs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and long short-term memory autoencoders (LSTM-AEs). The multivariate pressure signals reconstructed from these models are analysed for leakage identification. The leak onset time is estimated using a fast approximation sliding window technique, which computes statistical discrepancies in prediction errors. The performance of all three variants is validated using the widely studied L-Town benchmark network. Furthermore, their feasibility for real-world application is studied by applying them to a real-world case study representing the data availability and network design often found in smaller- and medium-sized utilities in Norway. The results for the benchmark network showed that AE and LSTM-AE showed comparable detection performance for abrupt leaks with VAE performing the least. For incipient leaks, the LSTM-AE showed better detection performance with few false-positives. For the real-world dataset, the performance was significantly lower due to the quantity and quality of data available, and the contradiction of inherent requirements of data-driven models. In addition, the analysis revealed that the positioning of pressure sensors in the network is critical for the leak detection performance of these models.