Adam L. Atchley, Chad M. Hoffman, Sophie R. Bonner, Scott M. Ritter, Joseph O’Brien, Rodman R. Linn
{"title":"评估计算流体力学野地火灾模拟器对树冠焦枯的预测","authors":"Adam L. Atchley, Chad M. Hoffman, Sophie R. Bonner, Scott M. Ritter, Joseph O’Brien, Rodman R. Linn","doi":"10.1186/s42408-024-00291-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Crown scorch—the heating of live leaves, needles, and buds in the vegetative canopy to lethal temperatures without widespread combustion—is one of the most common fire effects shaping post-fire canopies. Despite the ability of computational fluid dynamic models to finely resolve fire activity and buoyant plume dynamics including heterogenous 3D distributions of forest canopy heating, these models have had only limited use in simulating fire effects and have not been used to evaluate crown scorch. Here, we demonstrate a method of evaluating crown scorch using a computational fluid dynamics model, FIRETEC, and validate this approach by simulating the experiments that were used to develop Van Wagner’s 1973 crown scorch model. The average scorch height prediction from FIRETEC compares well with the empirical model derived by Van Wagner, which is the most widely used empirical model for crown scorch. We further find that the 3D buoyant plume dynamics from a steady and homogeneous idealized heat source on the ground results in a spatially heterogenous crown scorch pattern reflecting complex heating dynamics that are best represented by percent scorch rather than height of scorch. The ability of the computational fluid dynamics model to capture variation in crown scorch due to 3D buoyant plume dynamics provides direct links between forest structure, fire behavior, and fire effects that can be used by forest managers and researchers to better understand how fires result in crown damage under various environmental and management scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12273,"journal":{"name":"Fire Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Evaluating crown scorch predictions from a computational fluid dynamics wildland fire simulator\",\"authors\":\"Adam L. Atchley, Chad M. Hoffman, Sophie R. Bonner, Scott M. Ritter, Joseph O’Brien, Rodman R. Linn\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s42408-024-00291-x\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Crown scorch—the heating of live leaves, needles, and buds in the vegetative canopy to lethal temperatures without widespread combustion—is one of the most common fire effects shaping post-fire canopies. Despite the ability of computational fluid dynamic models to finely resolve fire activity and buoyant plume dynamics including heterogenous 3D distributions of forest canopy heating, these models have had only limited use in simulating fire effects and have not been used to evaluate crown scorch. Here, we demonstrate a method of evaluating crown scorch using a computational fluid dynamics model, FIRETEC, and validate this approach by simulating the experiments that were used to develop Van Wagner’s 1973 crown scorch model. The average scorch height prediction from FIRETEC compares well with the empirical model derived by Van Wagner, which is the most widely used empirical model for crown scorch. We further find that the 3D buoyant plume dynamics from a steady and homogeneous idealized heat source on the ground results in a spatially heterogenous crown scorch pattern reflecting complex heating dynamics that are best represented by percent scorch rather than height of scorch. The ability of the computational fluid dynamics model to capture variation in crown scorch due to 3D buoyant plume dynamics provides direct links between forest structure, fire behavior, and fire effects that can be used by forest managers and researchers to better understand how fires result in crown damage under various environmental and management scenarios.\",\"PeriodicalId\":12273,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Fire Ecology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-08-12\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Fire Ecology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00291-x\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ECOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Fire Ecology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-024-00291-x","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ECOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
树冠烧焦--植被冠层中的活叶、针叶和芽被加热到致命的温度而不发生大面积燃烧--是塑造火后冠层的最常见火灾效应之一。尽管计算流体动力学模型能够精细解析火灾活动和浮力羽流动力学,包括森林冠层加热的异质三维分布,但这些模型在模拟火灾效应方面的应用非常有限,而且尚未用于评估树冠烧焦。在这里,我们展示了一种使用计算流体动力学模型 FIRETEC 评估树冠烧焦的方法,并通过模拟用于开发 Van Wagner 1973 年树冠烧焦模型的实验验证了这种方法。FIRETEC 预测的平均灼烧高度与 Van Wagner 得出的经验模型相比较,后者是目前使用最广泛的树冠灼烧经验模型。我们进一步发现,来自地面上稳定、均匀的理想化热源的三维浮力羽流动力学会导致空间上异质的树冠烧焦模式,反映出复杂的加热动力学,最好用烧焦百分比而不是烧焦高度来表示。计算流体动力学模型能够捕捉三维浮力羽流动力学导致的树冠焦枯变化,这为森林管理者和研究人员提供了森林结构、火灾行为和火灾影响之间的直接联系,有助于他们更好地了解火灾如何在各种环境和管理情景下导致树冠受损。
Evaluating crown scorch predictions from a computational fluid dynamics wildland fire simulator
Crown scorch—the heating of live leaves, needles, and buds in the vegetative canopy to lethal temperatures without widespread combustion—is one of the most common fire effects shaping post-fire canopies. Despite the ability of computational fluid dynamic models to finely resolve fire activity and buoyant plume dynamics including heterogenous 3D distributions of forest canopy heating, these models have had only limited use in simulating fire effects and have not been used to evaluate crown scorch. Here, we demonstrate a method of evaluating crown scorch using a computational fluid dynamics model, FIRETEC, and validate this approach by simulating the experiments that were used to develop Van Wagner’s 1973 crown scorch model. The average scorch height prediction from FIRETEC compares well with the empirical model derived by Van Wagner, which is the most widely used empirical model for crown scorch. We further find that the 3D buoyant plume dynamics from a steady and homogeneous idealized heat source on the ground results in a spatially heterogenous crown scorch pattern reflecting complex heating dynamics that are best represented by percent scorch rather than height of scorch. The ability of the computational fluid dynamics model to capture variation in crown scorch due to 3D buoyant plume dynamics provides direct links between forest structure, fire behavior, and fire effects that can be used by forest managers and researchers to better understand how fires result in crown damage under various environmental and management scenarios.
期刊介绍:
Fire Ecology is the international scientific journal supported by the Association for Fire Ecology. Fire Ecology publishes peer-reviewed articles on all ecological and management aspects relating to wildland fire. We welcome submissions on topics that include a broad range of research on the ecological relationships of fire to its environment, including, but not limited to:
Ecology (physical and biological fire effects, fire regimes, etc.)
Social science (geography, sociology, anthropology, etc.)
Fuel
Fire science and modeling
Planning and risk management
Law and policy
Fire management
Inter- or cross-disciplinary fire-related topics
Technology transfer products.