Exploring Unhoused Participants' Perceived Acceptance of a Food Distribution Program and Food Utilization Barriers

Background

Community food assistance programs are vital to addressing food security (FS) among unhoused individuals, yet limited research on barriers to utilizing foods obtained from these programs exists for this population.

Objective

To explore the perceived acceptance of a food distribution program (FDP) and related food utilization barriers (FUB) for unhoused individuals in Felton, California.

Study Design, Settings, Participants

A mixed-methods interview was conducted with individuals utilizing an FDP. The inclusion criteria were English-speaking adults over 18 years of age who met FDP eligibility and utilized the program. The interview guide contained five open-ended items on program acceptability and 14 validated quantitative items to assess FS and FUB. Probing questions prompted participants to elaborate upon FUB. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was met.

Measurable Outcome/Analysis

Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Descriptive data on demographics, FUB, and FS levels were analyzed using SPSS. FDP acceptability and probing questions about FUB were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Participants (N=10) mentioned high program acceptance and reported high FUB (n=7, 70%) and very low FS (n=8, 80%). Themes included: program appreciation and enhancement; FUB and enablers; external food-related factors; and community belonging. Participants appreciated the staff, yet offered suggestions for available food items. Common FUBs included the lack of refrigeration, cooking utensils, and large kitchen appliances. Participants commented on the increased cost of food and extreme weather as external barriers to their food supply; however, sharing food among community members and group cooking were mentioned as positive factors.

Conclusions

This research revealed how unhoused populations manage their food supply despite facing multiple adversities. Despite the high acceptance of the local FDP, participants experienced very low FS and high FUB levels. Further research should explore the impact of climate change and community belonging on FUB and FS levels. Policies and programs could focus on systemic changes to address the root causes of FUB and food insecurity for unhoused populations.

Funding

San Jose State University Circle of Friends Research Assistance Award