Comparative review of biodiesel production and purification

Biodiesel synthesis and purification are critical stages in the production process, continually evolving to address environmental concerns and improve operational efficiency. Currently, biodiesel production has seen significant growth with numerous commercial plants operating worldwide, contributing to the blend of biodiesel with fossil fuels to reduce carbon emissions. Diverse feedstocks, including vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste oils, are increasingly used to enhance the sustainability of biodiesel production. This review examines recent innovations and challenges in biodiesel synthesis and purification, encompassing a diverse range of methodologies. Emphasizing the importance of biodiesel feedstock, the study conducts a comprehensive analysis of various sources contributing to biodiesel production. Synthesis methods, including transesterification, direct use, blending, micro-emulsion, and thermal cracking, are evaluated for their environmental impact and economic feasibility. Furthermore, purification strategies such as wet washing, distillation, adsorption, membrane separation, and solvent-aided crystallization (SAC) are scrutinized for their effectiveness and environmental implications. The review discusses the role of technological advancements in addressing challenges associated with traditional methods, such as high water consumption, energy-intensive processes, and wastewater generation. Moreover, it provides insights into how these innovations can enhance the sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability of biodiesel production. This academically rigorous review offers a nuanced understanding of biodiesel production, combining analysis of feedstock considerations, synthesis methods, and purification strategies to advance discourse on sustainable biofuel production.