Effectiveness and predictors of psychotherapy in eating disorders: state-of-the-art and future directions.

Purpose of review: Psychotherapy is the cornerstone of the multidisciplinary treatment approach for eating disorders. This review examines recent evidence regarding effectiveness, predictors, and mechanisms of change of psychotherapy in eating disorders, providing a road map for clinicians and researchers.

Recent findings: Family-based treatments (FBT) are effective in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Evidence-based psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa have no evidence of superiority compared with treatment as usual (TAU) in adults with anorexia nervosa. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is the first-choice psychotherapy recommended for adults with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder (BED). Self-help interventions have some evidence of effectiveness in nonunderweight individuals with eating disorders. Early symptom improvement and adolescent age predict more favourable outcomes.

Summary: Evidence-based psychotherapies can be suggested for eating disorders, although follow-up data are needed. Beyond anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and BED, there is no evidence of psychotherapy effectiveness in other eating disorders. The effectiveness of novel (e.g. 'third-wave') psychotherapies, treatment delivery modality (e.g. internet-delivered), and adjunctive interventions (e.g. virtual reality) needs to be further explored. A broader definition of recovery is recommended, including behavioural, physical, and psychological criteria. Predictors and mechanisms of changes have not been studied enough: quantitative and qualitative studies are needed to promote more tailored and individualized psychotherapy interventions.