南卡罗来纳州花生田环线虫调查

IF 0.8 Q3 AGRONOMY Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI:10.1002/cft2.70000
Sarala Giri, John D. Mueller, Saleh M. Ahmed, Justin B. Hiers, Benjamin B. Fogle, Kendall R. Kirk, Weimin Ye, Daniel J. Anco
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Root-knot (<i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i>), lesion (<i>Pratylenchus brachyurus</i>), sting (<i>Belonolaimus longicaudatus</i>), and ring (<i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i>) nematodes are all important pathogens of peanut. All four taxa occur in many agricultural fields in South Carolina. Among these, ring nematode is commonly found in high numbers in peanut fields (Barker et al., <span>1982</span>; Dickson, <span>1985</span>). Ring nematodes are obligate ectoparasites abundant in South Carolina's coastal plain region where sandy soils are typical compared to the Piedmont and mountain regions where loamy soils are more predominant (Dickson &amp; Waele, <span>2005</span>). There are &gt;400 species in the Criconemoides family, and there have been longstanding controversies whether to put Criconemoides and Mesocriconema in the same group as they have many similar characteristics. However, they also have important differences (Brzeski et al., <span>2002a, 2002b</span>; Hunt et al., <span>2005</span>). Geraert (<span>2010</span>) reported 400 distinct species in the family Criconematidae (including all ring nematode spp.). At least 90 species of Mesocriconema have been reported worldwide, and at least 12 species have been identified in the United States (Cordero et al., <span>2012</span>; Powers et al., <span>2016</span>) with a wide range of morphometric differences. Most of these species are not considered important plant pathogens. Two species of <i>Mesocriconema</i>, <i>M. xenoplax</i> and <i>M. ornatum</i>, are considered important pathogens of peach [<i>Prunus persica</i> (L.) Batsch] and peanut, respectively. They have very similar appearances and overlapping morphometrics, leading to difficulty in identification (Talton &amp; Crow, <span>2022</span>). Other species of ring nematode, like <i>Criconemella curvata</i> and <i>C. pelerentsi</i>, have been found in peanut fields (Sakwe &amp; Geraert, <span>1991</span>).</p><p>Ring nematode (<i>Criconemoides</i> spp.) was first reported in Georgia peanut fields causing chlorotic symptoms described as groundnut yellows, which were suspected to be caused by <i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i> (Dickson &amp; Waele, <span>2005</span>; Machmer, <span>1953</span>). <i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i> is considered a minor pathogen for many crops, including peanut (Kokalis-Bruelle et al., <span>1997</span>). Occasionally, this nematode has been reported to cause a reduction in peanut yield and quality. Pod yields in a micro-plot experiment were reduced 50% by populations consisting only of ring nematode (Minton &amp; Bell, <span>1969</span>). In a field experiment where a mixture of plant-parasitic nematodes was present, ring nematode populations were negatively correlated with peanut growth and pod yield (Sasser et al., <span>1975</span>). High population densities of ring nematodes at planting can cause yellowing and stunting of plants; necrotic lesions on pods, pegs, and roots; apical galling (or galls) in roots; and reduced root volume, ultimately affecting the yield and quality of crops (Barker et al., <span>1982</span>; Dickson &amp; Waele, <span>2005</span>; Minton &amp; Bell, <span>1969</span>; Sharma et al., <span>1994</span>).</p><p>Studies concerning ring nematode in peanut are not abundant. Ring nematodes have been associated with worsening Cylindrocladium black rot disease (caused by <i>Cylindrocladium parasiticum</i>) in susceptible peanut cultivars (Diamonde &amp; Beute, <span>1981</span>; Kokalis-Bruelle et al., <span>1997</span>). Previous reports on the presence of specific ring nematode species in South Carolina are lacking. To gain information on ring nematode composition and prevalence in South Carolina, a survey was conducted to determine the ring nematode densities, species, and associations with soil textural characteristics from six peanut-producing counties of South Carolina.</p><p>The distribution of <i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i> depends on previous crops and geography. Coastal plains with warm and sandy soils have characteristically been reported to support greater nematode numbers (Dickson &amp; Waele, 2005), which was corroborated by our results where lower clay (and consequently increased sand) content was associated with greater nematode numbers. The presence of ring nematode is dependent on various environmental factors including soil moisture, temperature, and pH. A pH of 7 and temperature of 75—80°F is optimum for its reproduction (Berry &amp; Coop, <span>2000</span>). The current survey did not examine soil pH or temperature; however, it is plausible that these factors might have contributed to observed differences in nematode numbers among similar soil types sampled. While soil texture is one parameter for ring nematode density prediction, other soil factors like pore size, particle size, and physical and chemical properties of soil can influence the presence and migration of nematodes (Kandji et al., <span>2001</span>; Norton, <span>1989</span>). Ring nematode population densities can reach higher levels in coarse compared to finely textured sands, which have smaller pore sizes and thus limit their population development (Pokharel, <span>2011</span>; Swalem, <span>2024</span>). Our results showed a negative relationship between total clay content and ring nematodes. However, ring nematodes can also proliferate in the presence of well-structured clay loam soils (Swalem, <span>2024</span>), which were not observed in the sampled fields.</p><p>Peanut is an important commodity in the United States and world. Higher populations of ring nematodes were found in soil with higher sand and lower clay content. The species of ring nematode present in samples collected from peanut fields of South Carolina was <i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i>. While this does not preclude other species of ring nematode from being present in fields planted to peanut in South Carolina, it serves as the first report in South Carolina to document the consistency of the identity of samples that were collected and evaluated as being <i>M. ornatum</i>.</p><p>Due to their low expected damage potential in peanuts, ring nematodes are generally neglected. Since ring nematodes can be present in high numbers in peanut-growing fields, it is important to consider their effect outside of yield. Since peanut is an excellent host for ring nematode, supporting up to a 970-fold level of reproduction, and ring nematode has been associated with Cylindrocladium black rot in peanut (Barker et al., <span>1982</span>; Diamonde &amp; Beute, <span>1981</span>; Kokalis-Bruelle et al., <span>1997</span>), further work should be conducted to determine its potential to facilitate other secondary infections.</p><p><b>Sarala Giri</b>: Data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. <b>John Mueller</b>: Methodology; resources; writing—review and editing. <b>Saleh Ahmed</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Justin Hiers</b>: Resources; writing—review and editing. <b>Benjamin Fogle</b>: Resources; writing—review and editing. <b>Kendall Kirk</b>: Methodology; resources; writing—review and editing. <b>Weimin Ye</b>: Methodology; writing—review and editing. <b>Daniel Anco</b>: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; funding acquisition; investigation; methodology; project administration; resources; software; supervision; validation; visualization; writing—review and editing.</p><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cft2.70000","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Survey of ring nematode in South Carolina peanut fields\",\"authors\":\"Sarala Giri,&nbsp;John D. 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Root-knot (<i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i>), lesion (<i>Pratylenchus brachyurus</i>), sting (<i>Belonolaimus longicaudatus</i>), and ring (<i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i>) nematodes are all important pathogens of peanut. All four taxa occur in many agricultural fields in South Carolina. Among these, ring nematode is commonly found in high numbers in peanut fields (Barker et al., <span>1982</span>; Dickson, <span>1985</span>). Ring nematodes are obligate ectoparasites abundant in South Carolina's coastal plain region where sandy soils are typical compared to the Piedmont and mountain regions where loamy soils are more predominant (Dickson &amp; Waele, <span>2005</span>). There are &gt;400 species in the Criconemoides family, and there have been longstanding controversies whether to put Criconemoides and Mesocriconema in the same group as they have many similar characteristics. However, they also have important differences (Brzeski et al., <span>2002a, 2002b</span>; Hunt et al., <span>2005</span>). Geraert (<span>2010</span>) reported 400 distinct species in the family Criconematidae (including all ring nematode spp.). At least 90 species of Mesocriconema have been reported worldwide, and at least 12 species have been identified in the United States (Cordero et al., <span>2012</span>; Powers et al., <span>2016</span>) with a wide range of morphometric differences. Most of these species are not considered important plant pathogens. Two species of <i>Mesocriconema</i>, <i>M. xenoplax</i> and <i>M. ornatum</i>, are considered important pathogens of peach [<i>Prunus persica</i> (L.) Batsch] and peanut, respectively. They have very similar appearances and overlapping morphometrics, leading to difficulty in identification (Talton &amp; Crow, <span>2022</span>). Other species of ring nematode, like <i>Criconemella curvata</i> and <i>C. pelerentsi</i>, have been found in peanut fields (Sakwe &amp; Geraert, <span>1991</span>).</p><p>Ring nematode (<i>Criconemoides</i> spp.) was first reported in Georgia peanut fields causing chlorotic symptoms described as groundnut yellows, which were suspected to be caused by <i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i> (Dickson &amp; Waele, <span>2005</span>; Machmer, <span>1953</span>). <i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i> is considered a minor pathogen for many crops, including peanut (Kokalis-Bruelle et al., <span>1997</span>). Occasionally, this nematode has been reported to cause a reduction in peanut yield and quality. Pod yields in a micro-plot experiment were reduced 50% by populations consisting only of ring nematode (Minton &amp; Bell, <span>1969</span>). In a field experiment where a mixture of plant-parasitic nematodes was present, ring nematode populations were negatively correlated with peanut growth and pod yield (Sasser et al., <span>1975</span>). High population densities of ring nematodes at planting can cause yellowing and stunting of plants; necrotic lesions on pods, pegs, and roots; apical galling (or galls) in roots; and reduced root volume, ultimately affecting the yield and quality of crops (Barker et al., <span>1982</span>; Dickson &amp; Waele, <span>2005</span>; Minton &amp; Bell, <span>1969</span>; Sharma et al., <span>1994</span>).</p><p>Studies concerning ring nematode in peanut are not abundant. Ring nematodes have been associated with worsening Cylindrocladium black rot disease (caused by <i>Cylindrocladium parasiticum</i>) in susceptible peanut cultivars (Diamonde &amp; Beute, <span>1981</span>; Kokalis-Bruelle et al., <span>1997</span>). Previous reports on the presence of specific ring nematode species in South Carolina are lacking. To gain information on ring nematode composition and prevalence in South Carolina, a survey was conducted to determine the ring nematode densities, species, and associations with soil textural characteristics from six peanut-producing counties of South Carolina.</p><p>The distribution of <i>Mesocriconema ornatum</i> depends on previous crops and geography. Coastal plains with warm and sandy soils have characteristically been reported to support greater nematode numbers (Dickson &amp; Waele, 2005), which was corroborated by our results where lower clay (and consequently increased sand) content was associated with greater nematode numbers. The presence of ring nematode is dependent on various environmental factors including soil moisture, temperature, and pH. A pH of 7 and temperature of 75—80°F is optimum for its reproduction (Berry &amp; Coop, <span>2000</span>). 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引用次数: 0

摘要

虽然土壤质地是预测环状线虫密度的一个参数,但其他土壤因素,如孔隙大小、颗粒大小以及土壤的物理和化学性质也会影响线虫的存在和迁移(Kandji 等人,2001 年;Norton,1989 年)。环状线虫种群密度在粗质砂土中比在细质砂土中更高,因为细质砂土的孔隙更小,从而限制了线虫种群的发展(Pokharel,2011 年;Swarem,2024 年)。我们的研究结果表明,粘土总含量与环状线虫之间存在负相关关系。然而,环状线虫也可以在结构良好的粘壤土中繁殖(Swalem,2024 年),而在取样田中没有观察到这种情况。在含沙量较高和粘土含量较低的土壤中,环状线虫的数量较多。从南卡罗来纳州花生田采集的样本中发现的环状线虫种类是 Mesocriconema ornatum。虽然这并不排除南卡罗来纳州种植花生的田地中还存在其他种类的环状线虫,但这是南卡罗来纳州第一份记录样本身份一致性的报告,这些样本被收集并评估为 M. ornatum。由于环状线虫可能大量存在于花生种植田中,因此必须考虑它们对产量以外的影响。由于花生是环状线虫的优良宿主,支持高达 970 倍的繁殖水平,而且环状线虫与花生中的 Cylindrocladium 黑腐病有关(Barker 等人,1982 年;Diamonde &amp; Beute, 1981 年;Kokalis-Bruelle 等人,1997 年),因此应开展进一步的工作,以确定其促进其他二次感染的潜力:数据整理;正式分析;调查;方法论;写作-原稿;写作-审阅和编辑。约翰-穆勒方法论;资源;写作-审阅和编辑。萨利赫-艾哈迈德写作-审阅和编辑贾斯汀-希尔斯资源;撰写、审阅和编辑本杰明-福格尔资源;写作-审阅和编辑Kendall Kirk:方法论;资源;撰写-审阅和编辑。叶伟民方法论;写作-审阅和编辑。丹尼尔-安科(Daniel Anco):概念化;数据整理;形式分析;资金获取;调查;方法论;项目管理;资源;软件;监督;验证;可视化;撰写-审阅和编辑。
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Survey of ring nematode in South Carolina peanut fields

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a worldwide crop rich in protein (25.8%), fat (49.2%), and nutritional value (Kokalis-Bruelle et al., 1997; USDA-ARS, 2019). The United States is the fourth-largest peanut producing country after China, India, and Nigeria (USDA-FAS, 2024) and has produced 143,000 tons in 2021 (USDA-NASS, 2022). South Carolina is ranked sixth in peanut production across the United States. The top peanut-producing counties in South Carolina are Orangeburg, Calhoun, Hampton, Darlington, and Marlboro. Root-knot (Meloidogyne arenaria), lesion (Pratylenchus brachyurus), sting (Belonolaimus longicaudatus), and ring (Mesocriconema ornatum) nematodes are all important pathogens of peanut. All four taxa occur in many agricultural fields in South Carolina. Among these, ring nematode is commonly found in high numbers in peanut fields (Barker et al., 1982; Dickson, 1985). Ring nematodes are obligate ectoparasites abundant in South Carolina's coastal plain region where sandy soils are typical compared to the Piedmont and mountain regions where loamy soils are more predominant (Dickson & Waele, 2005). There are >400 species in the Criconemoides family, and there have been longstanding controversies whether to put Criconemoides and Mesocriconema in the same group as they have many similar characteristics. However, they also have important differences (Brzeski et al., 2002a, 2002b; Hunt et al., 2005). Geraert (2010) reported 400 distinct species in the family Criconematidae (including all ring nematode spp.). At least 90 species of Mesocriconema have been reported worldwide, and at least 12 species have been identified in the United States (Cordero et al., 2012; Powers et al., 2016) with a wide range of morphometric differences. Most of these species are not considered important plant pathogens. Two species of Mesocriconema, M. xenoplax and M. ornatum, are considered important pathogens of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and peanut, respectively. They have very similar appearances and overlapping morphometrics, leading to difficulty in identification (Talton & Crow, 2022). Other species of ring nematode, like Criconemella curvata and C. pelerentsi, have been found in peanut fields (Sakwe & Geraert, 1991).

Ring nematode (Criconemoides spp.) was first reported in Georgia peanut fields causing chlorotic symptoms described as groundnut yellows, which were suspected to be caused by Mesocriconema ornatum (Dickson & Waele, 2005; Machmer, 1953). Mesocriconema ornatum is considered a minor pathogen for many crops, including peanut (Kokalis-Bruelle et al., 1997). Occasionally, this nematode has been reported to cause a reduction in peanut yield and quality. Pod yields in a micro-plot experiment were reduced 50% by populations consisting only of ring nematode (Minton & Bell, 1969). In a field experiment where a mixture of plant-parasitic nematodes was present, ring nematode populations were negatively correlated with peanut growth and pod yield (Sasser et al., 1975). High population densities of ring nematodes at planting can cause yellowing and stunting of plants; necrotic lesions on pods, pegs, and roots; apical galling (or galls) in roots; and reduced root volume, ultimately affecting the yield and quality of crops (Barker et al., 1982; Dickson & Waele, 2005; Minton & Bell, 1969; Sharma et al., 1994).

Studies concerning ring nematode in peanut are not abundant. Ring nematodes have been associated with worsening Cylindrocladium black rot disease (caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum) in susceptible peanut cultivars (Diamonde & Beute, 1981; Kokalis-Bruelle et al., 1997). Previous reports on the presence of specific ring nematode species in South Carolina are lacking. To gain information on ring nematode composition and prevalence in South Carolina, a survey was conducted to determine the ring nematode densities, species, and associations with soil textural characteristics from six peanut-producing counties of South Carolina.

The distribution of Mesocriconema ornatum depends on previous crops and geography. Coastal plains with warm and sandy soils have characteristically been reported to support greater nematode numbers (Dickson & Waele, 2005), which was corroborated by our results where lower clay (and consequently increased sand) content was associated with greater nematode numbers. The presence of ring nematode is dependent on various environmental factors including soil moisture, temperature, and pH. A pH of 7 and temperature of 75—80°F is optimum for its reproduction (Berry & Coop, 2000). The current survey did not examine soil pH or temperature; however, it is plausible that these factors might have contributed to observed differences in nematode numbers among similar soil types sampled. While soil texture is one parameter for ring nematode density prediction, other soil factors like pore size, particle size, and physical and chemical properties of soil can influence the presence and migration of nematodes (Kandji et al., 2001; Norton, 1989). Ring nematode population densities can reach higher levels in coarse compared to finely textured sands, which have smaller pore sizes and thus limit their population development (Pokharel, 2011; Swalem, 2024). Our results showed a negative relationship between total clay content and ring nematodes. However, ring nematodes can also proliferate in the presence of well-structured clay loam soils (Swalem, 2024), which were not observed in the sampled fields.

Peanut is an important commodity in the United States and world. Higher populations of ring nematodes were found in soil with higher sand and lower clay content. The species of ring nematode present in samples collected from peanut fields of South Carolina was Mesocriconema ornatum. While this does not preclude other species of ring nematode from being present in fields planted to peanut in South Carolina, it serves as the first report in South Carolina to document the consistency of the identity of samples that were collected and evaluated as being M. ornatum.

Due to their low expected damage potential in peanuts, ring nematodes are generally neglected. Since ring nematodes can be present in high numbers in peanut-growing fields, it is important to consider their effect outside of yield. Since peanut is an excellent host for ring nematode, supporting up to a 970-fold level of reproduction, and ring nematode has been associated with Cylindrocladium black rot in peanut (Barker et al., 1982; Diamonde & Beute, 1981; Kokalis-Bruelle et al., 1997), further work should be conducted to determine its potential to facilitate other secondary infections.

Sarala Giri: Data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. John Mueller: Methodology; resources; writing—review and editing. Saleh Ahmed: Writing—review and editing. Justin Hiers: Resources; writing—review and editing. Benjamin Fogle: Resources; writing—review and editing. Kendall Kirk: Methodology; resources; writing—review and editing. Weimin Ye: Methodology; writing—review and editing. Daniel Anco: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; funding acquisition; investigation; methodology; project administration; resources; software; supervision; validation; visualization; writing—review and editing.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management
Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Agronomy and Crop Science
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期刊介绍: Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management is a peer-reviewed, international, electronic journal covering all aspects of applied crop, forage and grazinglands, and turfgrass management. The journal serves the professions related to the management of crops, forages and grazinglands, and turfgrass by publishing research, briefs, reviews, perspectives, and diagnostic and management guides that are beneficial to researchers, practitioners, educators, and industry representatives.
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