Frailty in older people living in Africa: A systematic review of prevalence and associated factors

Background

Despite rapid population ageing in Africa, research on frailty in the region remains limited and fragmented. This systematic review aimed at summarising the available data to determine the prevalence of frailty in Africa.

Methods

Original research articles that reported the prevalence and associated factors of frailty in older people were included. The PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Science Direct, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, WHO Global Health Library, and HINARI databases were searched between July 30 and September 30, 2022. Eleven studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria. To ensure methodological quality, the included studies were independently assessed by two authors. Data were extracted using a standardised data extraction checklist. Due to high heterogeneity among the studies, data were systematically examined using a narrative review.

Results

This review included a sample of 4,112 older people from different regions in Africa. Of the 11 included studies, five (45.5%) recruited study participants from community settings whereas two studies were from nursing homes. A variety of frailty measurement instruments were employed across the studies. The prevalence of frailty considerably varies across the studies: ranging from 9.25% to 77.1%. Increasing age, multimorbidity, nutritional problems, depression, and physical inactivity were identified as risk factors for frailty.

Conclusions

The findings revealed a varying degree of frailty among older people in Africa. It is recommended that institutions provide opportunities for physical activity, ensure adequate nutrition, promote social interaction, and manage chronic illnesses to mitigate frailty.

Registration

PROSPERO ID of CRD42021272920.