Louis Merceron, Guillaume Boissonnet, François Maréchal
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In order to do so, the prominent option is to utilize alternative carbon sources—like biomass and <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> originating from carbon capture—for the production of non-fossil carbonaceous vectors (biofuels and e-fuels). However, the limited availability of biomass and the varying nature of other carbon sources necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of trade-offs between potential carbon uses and existing sources. Then, it is primordial to understand the origin of carbon used in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to understand the implications of defossilizing aviation for the energy system. Moreover, the production of SAF implies deep changes to the energy system that are quantified in this work. This study utilizes the linear programming cost optimization tool EnergyScope TD to analyze the holistic French energy system, encompassing transport, industry, electricity, and heat sectors while ensuring net greenhouse gas neutrality. A novel method to model and quantify carbon flows within the system is introduced, enabling a comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas neutrality. This study highlights the significance of fulfilling clean energy requirements and implementing carbon dioxide removal measures as crucial steps toward achieving climate neutrality. Indeed, to reach climate neutrality, a production of 1,046 TWh of electricity by non-fossil sources is needed. Furthermore, the findings underscore the critical role of efficient carbon and energy valorization from biomass, providing evidence that producing fuels by combining biomass and hydrogen is optimal. The study also offers valuable insights into the future cost and impact of SAF production for air travel originating from France. That is, the European law ReFuelEU would increase the price of plane tickets by +33% and would require 126 TWh of hydrogen and 50 TWh of biomass to produce the necessary 91 TWh of jet fuel. Finally, the implications of the assumption behind the production of SAF are discussed.","PeriodicalId":12428,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Energy Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Climate neutrality of the French energy system: overview and impacts of sustainable aviation fuel production\",\"authors\":\"Louis Merceron, Guillaume Boissonnet, François Maréchal\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fenrg.2024.1359641\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> emission reduction of sectors such as aviation, maritime shipping, road haulage, and chemical production is challenging but necessary. Although these sectors will most likely continue to rely on carbonaceous energy carriers, they are expected to gradually shift away from fossil fuels. In order to do so, the prominent option is to utilize alternative carbon sources—like biomass and <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math></jats:inline-formula> originating from carbon capture—for the production of non-fossil carbonaceous vectors (biofuels and e-fuels). However, the limited availability of biomass and the varying nature of other carbon sources necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of trade-offs between potential carbon uses and existing sources. Then, it is primordial to understand the origin of carbon used in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to understand the implications of defossilizing aviation for the energy system. Moreover, the production of SAF implies deep changes to the energy system that are quantified in this work. This study utilizes the linear programming cost optimization tool EnergyScope TD to analyze the holistic French energy system, encompassing transport, industry, electricity, and heat sectors while ensuring net greenhouse gas neutrality. A novel method to model and quantify carbon flows within the system is introduced, enabling a comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas neutrality. This study highlights the significance of fulfilling clean energy requirements and implementing carbon dioxide removal measures as crucial steps toward achieving climate neutrality. Indeed, to reach climate neutrality, a production of 1,046 TWh of electricity by non-fossil sources is needed. Furthermore, the findings underscore the critical role of efficient carbon and energy valorization from biomass, providing evidence that producing fuels by combining biomass and hydrogen is optimal. The study also offers valuable insights into the future cost and impact of SAF production for air travel originating from France. That is, the European law ReFuelEU would increase the price of plane tickets by +33% and would require 126 TWh of hydrogen and 50 TWh of biomass to produce the necessary 91 TWh of jet fuel. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
航空、海运、公路运输和化工生产等行业的二氧化碳减排工作具有挑战性,但也是必要的。虽然这些部门很可能会继续依赖碳质能源载体,但预计它们将逐步摆脱化石燃料。为此,最主要的选择是利用替代碳源(如生物质和碳捕获产生的二氧化碳)来生产非化石碳质载体(生物燃料和电子燃料)。然而,生物质的有限可用性和其他碳源的不同性质要求对潜在碳用途和现有碳源之间的权衡进行全面评估。因此,首先要了解可持续航空燃料(SAF)中使用的碳的来源,以了解航空去化石化对能源系统的影响。此外,可持续航空燃料的生产意味着能源系统的深刻变化,本研究将对这些变化进行量化。本研究利用线性规划成本优化工具 EnergyScope TD 分析了法国的整体能源系统,包括运输、工业、电力和热力部门,同时确保温室气体的净中和。该研究引入了一种新方法来模拟和量化系统内的碳流,从而实现对温室气体中和的全面评估。这项研究强调,满足清洁能源要求和实施二氧化碳清除措施是实现气候中和的关键步骤,具有重要意义。事实上,要实现气候中和,需要利用非化石能源生产 1,046 太瓦时的电力。此外,研究结果还强调了高效生物质碳和能源价值化的关键作用,证明了通过生物质和氢结合生产燃料是最佳选择。这项研究还为未来从法国出发的航空旅行生产 SAF 的成本和影响提供了有价值的见解。也就是说,欧洲 ReFuelEU 法将使飞机票价格上涨 +33%,并需要 126 太瓦时的氢气和 50 太瓦时的生物质来生产所需的 91 太瓦时喷气燃料。最后,讨论了生产 SAF 的假设背后的影响。
Climate neutrality of the French energy system: overview and impacts of sustainable aviation fuel production
CO2 emission reduction of sectors such as aviation, maritime shipping, road haulage, and chemical production is challenging but necessary. Although these sectors will most likely continue to rely on carbonaceous energy carriers, they are expected to gradually shift away from fossil fuels. In order to do so, the prominent option is to utilize alternative carbon sources—like biomass and CO2 originating from carbon capture—for the production of non-fossil carbonaceous vectors (biofuels and e-fuels). However, the limited availability of biomass and the varying nature of other carbon sources necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of trade-offs between potential carbon uses and existing sources. Then, it is primordial to understand the origin of carbon used in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to understand the implications of defossilizing aviation for the energy system. Moreover, the production of SAF implies deep changes to the energy system that are quantified in this work. This study utilizes the linear programming cost optimization tool EnergyScope TD to analyze the holistic French energy system, encompassing transport, industry, electricity, and heat sectors while ensuring net greenhouse gas neutrality. A novel method to model and quantify carbon flows within the system is introduced, enabling a comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas neutrality. This study highlights the significance of fulfilling clean energy requirements and implementing carbon dioxide removal measures as crucial steps toward achieving climate neutrality. Indeed, to reach climate neutrality, a production of 1,046 TWh of electricity by non-fossil sources is needed. Furthermore, the findings underscore the critical role of efficient carbon and energy valorization from biomass, providing evidence that producing fuels by combining biomass and hydrogen is optimal. The study also offers valuable insights into the future cost and impact of SAF production for air travel originating from France. That is, the European law ReFuelEU would increase the price of plane tickets by +33% and would require 126 TWh of hydrogen and 50 TWh of biomass to produce the necessary 91 TWh of jet fuel. Finally, the implications of the assumption behind the production of SAF are discussed.
期刊介绍:
Frontiers in Energy Research makes use of the unique Frontiers platform for open-access publishing and research networking for scientists, which provides an equal opportunity to seek, share and create knowledge. The mission of Frontiers is to place publishing back in the hands of working scientists and to promote an interactive, fair, and efficient review process. Articles are peer-reviewed according to the Frontiers review guidelines, which evaluate manuscripts on objective editorial criteria