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Demand-side management scenario analysis for the energy-efficient future of Pakistan: Bridging the gap between market interests and national priorities 巴基斯坦未来能源效率的需求方管理情景分析:缩小市场利益与国家优先事项之间的差距
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1391973
Arshad Chughtai, Mohammad Aslam Uqaili, Nayyar Hussain Mirjat, Faheemullah Shaikh, Shoaib Ahmed Khatri
Pakistan is facing the worst level of energy and economic crisis of its history. The underlying reason of the economic crisis is basically due to the energy crisis. Various approaches have been adopted to tackle the energy crises which the country is facing for over 2 decades. Demand-side management (DSM) is the most potent and cost-effective option to redress the energy crisis, which, unfortunately, has been the most neglected strategy in Pakistan. DSM has the potential to save up to 10.0%–15.0% of primary energy to ensure the country’s future energy security. Laws and codes do exist, but ironically, the most vital element of DSM’s policy framework and implementation mechanism is missing. Hence, the main objective of this research is to develop a DSM model for Pakistan and analyze the reference and DSM scenarios. Low-emission analysis platform (LEAP) is used to develop Pakistan’s DSM model for the study period 2021–2050. The three alternative DSM scenarios developed include energy efficiency (EEF), energy conservation (EC), and load management (LOM), and they are all analyzed. The model results estimate the electricity demand forecast of 1009.8 TWh under the reference scenario in 2050, whereas DSM tends to result in a 26.38% decreased electricity demand compared to the reference scenario. The alternative DSM scenarios also outperform the reference scenario. In 2050, the EC scenario reduces consumption by 178.0 TWh and GHG emissions by 19.20 million metric tons, the EEF scenario reduces consumption by 110.30 TWh and GHG emissions by 10.04 million metric tons, and the LOM scenario suggests reduced consumption by 101.0 TWh and GHG emissions by 6.20 million metric tons. This study concluded that the DSM must be institutionalized in Pakistan by building a robust regulatory framework and execution mechanism at the government and utility levels.
巴基斯坦正面临其历史上最严重的能源和经济危机。经济危机的根本原因是能源危机。为解决该国 20 多年来面临的能源危机,已经采取了各种方法。需求方管理(DSM)是解决能源危机的最有效和最具成本效益的选择,但不幸的是,它一直是巴基斯坦最被忽视的战略。DSM 有可能节省高达 10.0%-15.0% 的一次能源,从而确保国家未来的能源安全。法律和法规确实存在,但具有讽刺意味的是,DSM 政策框架和实施机制中最重要的元素却缺失了。因此,本研究的主要目标是为巴基斯坦开发一个 DSM 模型,并对参考方案和 DSM 方案进行分析。低排放分析平台(LEAP)用于开发巴基斯坦 2021-2050 年研究期间的 DSM 模型。所开发的三种可选 DSM 方案包括能源效率 (EEF)、节能 (EC) 和负荷管理 (LOM),并对所有方案进行了分析。模型结果估计,在 2050 年的参考情景下,电力需求预测为 1009.8 太瓦时,而与参考情景相比,用电需求管理方案往往会导致电力需求减少 26.38%。替代性用户需求管理方案的效果也优于参考方案。2050 年,EC 方案减少了 178.0 太瓦时的用电量和 1920 万公吨的温室气体排放量,EEF 方案减少了 110.30 太瓦时的用电量和 1004 万公吨的温室气体排放量,LOM 方案减少了 101.0 太瓦时的用电量和 620 万公吨的温室气体排放量。本研究认为,必须在政府和公用事业层面建立健全的监管框架和执行机制,从而在巴基斯坦将 DSM 制度化。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the impact of digitalization on energy companies’ green transition: new insights from China 数字化对能源企业绿色转型的影响研究:来自中国的新见解
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1421832
Yangjun Ren, Yuening Xia
Digitization has become a core engine for China’s energy companies to achieve green transition in a competitive marketplace. Using the panel data of China’s A-share listed energy companies, this study explores the impact of digitalization on energy companies’ green transition. The finding demonstrates that digitalization can significantly drive energy companies’ green transition. This finding remains valid following a series of robustness tests. Moreover, digitalization can indirectly enhance energy companies’ green transition by enhancing technological innovation and optimizing operational capacity. Further research demonstrates that the promoting effect of digitalization on green transition in the state-owned companies, growing and mature energy companies and companies in the east are more fully released. This research could assist policymakers and professionals in energy companies with decision-making references to promote green transition.
数字化已成为中国能源企业在激烈的市场竞争中实现绿色转型的核心引擎。本研究利用中国 A 股上市能源企业的面板数据,探讨了数字化对能源企业绿色转型的影响。研究结果表明,数字化能够显著推动能源企业的绿色转型。经过一系列稳健性检验,这一结论仍然有效。此外,数字化还能通过加强技术创新和优化运营能力间接促进能源企业的绿色转型。进一步的研究表明,数字化对国有企业、成长期和成熟期能源企业以及东部地区企业绿色转型的促进作用得到了更充分的释放。这项研究可以为能源企业的决策者和专业人士提供决策参考,促进绿色转型。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-objective-based economic and emission dispatch with integration of wind energy sources using different optimization algorithms 基于多目标的经济和排放调度,使用不同的优化算法整合风能资源
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1421212
R. Lalhmachhuana, Subhasish Deb, Subir Datta, Ksh. Robert Singh, Umit Cali, Taha Selim Ustun
In this work, a study of economic and emission dispatch issues based on the multi-objective optimization is solved, and generation costs and emissions are reduced by utilizing multi-objective optimization techniques. This optimization is carried out in an IEEE-30 bus system, with and without the integration of wind energy sources, with equality and inequality constraints. The equality constraints are the power balance constraints, stipulating that to have an optimal solution, the generated power must be adequate to satisfy the load demand plus losses. The inequality constraints are a collection of limitations for active power generation, reactive power generation, generator bus voltage, and load bus voltage. To track the hourly load demand, a daily load profile is established using the IEEE-30 bus system. The generation costs and emissions in the system are optimized using multi-objective particle swarm optimization and multi-objective Ant–Lion Optimization approaches. In order to determine the goals’ minimum values, a fuzzy min–max technique is applied. The values that have been minimized are then compared to determine how well wind energy integration has reduced the generation costs and emissions. Two case studies are performed in this work. For Case 1, the total generation costs and emissions using MOPSO are less, with a difference of $42.763, while MOALO has lower emissions, with a difference of 157.337 tons. For Case 2, with the implementation of wind energy, MOPSO has lower total generation costs, with a difference of $51.678, and lower emissions, with a difference of 459.446 tons.
在这项工作中,基于多目标优化对经济和排放调度问题进行了研究,并利用多目标优化技术降低了发电成本和排放。该优化是在一个 IEEE-30 总线系统中进行的,该系统有风能集成和无风能集成,有平等和不平等约束。相等约束条件是电力平衡约束条件,规定要获得最佳解决方案,发电量必须足以满足负载需求加上损耗。不等式约束是对有功发电、无功发电、发电机母线电压和负载母线电压的一系列限制。为了跟踪每小时的负荷需求,使用 IEEE-30 总线系统建立了日负荷曲线。使用多目标粒子群优化和多目标蚁狮优化方法对系统中的发电成本和排放进行优化。为了确定目标的最小值,采用了模糊最小最大技术。然后对最小值进行比较,以确定风能集成在降低发电成本和排放方面的效果。这项工作进行了两个案例研究。对于案例 1,使用 MOPSO 的总发电成本和排放量较低,两者相差 42.763 美元,而 MOALO 的排放量较低,两者相差 157.337 吨。对于情况 2,在使用风能的情况下,MOPSO 的总发电成本更低,差额为 51.678 美元,排放量更低,差额为 459.446 吨。
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引用次数: 0
Grid-integrated solutions for sustainable EV charging: a comparative study of renewable energy and battery storage systems 可持续电动汽车充电的电网集成解决方案:可再生能源和电池存储系统比较研究
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1403883
Anis ur Rehman, Haris M. Khalid, S. M. Muyeen
IntroductionThe integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the power network challenges the 1) grid capacity, 2) stability, and 3) management. This is due to the 1) increased peak demand, 2) infrastructure strain, and 3) intermittent charging patterns. Previous studies lack comprehensive integration of renewable energy and battery storage with EV charging.MethodsTo address these challenges, this study explores the effectiveness of incorporating renewable energy resources (RERs) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) alongside the traditional grid. The proposed study utilizes the HOMER Grid® and conducted a comprehensive analysis.ResultsThe proposed study compares two grid integrated scenarios: 1) Case-1 (grid and photovoltaic (PV) systems), and 2) Case-2 (grid, PV systems, and BESS). Both these scenarios are compared against a Base case relying solely on grid power. The evaluation employed techno-economic analysis while focusing on 1) net present cost (NPC), 2) cost of energy, and 3) annualized savings. Additionally, the proposed study analyzed 4) seasonal variations in EV charging demand, 5) grid interactions, 6) PV production, and 7) the operation of BESS in both summer and winter. The comparative analysis reveals that the Base case incurs a net present cost (NPC) of $546,977 and a cost of energy (COE) of $0.354 per kWh. In contrast, Case-1, which integrates a 100 kW PV system, shows a significantly lower NPC of -$122,962 and a reduced COE of -$0.043 per kWh, with annualized savings of $61,492. Case-2, incorporating both the 100 kW PV system and a BESS with a capacity of 9.8 kWh, has a higher NPC of $309,667 but a COE of $0.112 per kWh and provides annual savings of $51,233 compared to the Base case.DiscussionSeasonal analysis highlights that Case-2 achieves the lowest carbon emissions in summer, ranging from 2.0 to 2.5 tons, while Case-1 shows the lowest emissions in winter, ranging from 3.2 to 3.4 tons. This model 1) reduces operational costs, 2) minimizes carbon emissions, while 3) making it compelling for future energy systems in increasing EV adoption.
导言电动汽车(EV)融入电网对 1) 电网容量、2) 稳定性和 3) 管理提出了挑战。这是由于:1)峰值需求增加;2)基础设施紧张;3)间歇性充电模式。为了应对这些挑战,本研究探讨了将可再生能源(RER)和电池储能系统(BESS)与传统电网结合的有效性。本研究利用 HOMER Grid® 进行了全面分析:1) 案例-1(电网和光伏系统),以及 2) 案例-2(电网、光伏系统和 BESS)。这两种方案都与完全依靠电网供电的基本方案进行了比较。评估采用了技术经济分析,重点关注 1) 净现值成本 (NPC)、2) 能源成本和 3) 年节约率。此外,建议的研究还分析了 4) 电动汽车充电需求的季节性变化、5) 电网互动、6) 光伏发电以及 7) BESS 在夏季和冬季的运行。比较分析表明,基础案例产生的净现值成本 (NPC) 为 546,977 美元,能源成本 (COE) 为每千瓦时 0.354 美元。相比之下,整合了 100 千瓦光伏系统的案例-1 的净现值成本大幅降低,为-122,962 美元,每千瓦时的 COE 降低为-0.043 美元,每年可节省 61,492 美元。讨论季节性分析显示,案例 2 在夏季的碳排放量最低,为 2.0 至 2.5 吨,而案例 1 在冬季的碳排放量最低,为 3.2 至 3.4 吨。这种模式 1) 降低了运营成本,2) 最大限度地减少了碳排放,3) 使其成为未来能源系统提高电动汽车采用率的有力工具。
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引用次数: 0
Research on reactive power compensation control method for improving the voltage stability of photovoltaic station area 提高光伏电站区域电压稳定性的无功补偿控制方法研究
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1396074
Wei Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Yuanyi Dai, Chen Dong, Zhijia Yu, Yue Hu
In the case of resistance-inductance lines in PV station area, the problem of voltage overstep is easy to occur. This article proposes a reactive power compensation control method to improve the voltage stability in the photovoltaic power plant area, which addresses the problem of voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) exceeding the upper limit due to resistance circuits and exceeding the lower limit due to relatively insufficient reactive power output when the output active power is high. The idea is to achieve dynamic adjustment of PCC voltage by paralleling a static reactive power generator (SVG) at the grid connection point and using a variable droop control method. In addition, a reactive power optimization method based on improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm is proposed to address the changes in power flow caused by photovoltaic integration in the distribution network system. The proposed improvement method not only effectively reduces network losses but also significantly improves voltage stability.
在光伏电站区域存在电阻电感线路的情况下,容易出现电压越限问题。本文提出了一种提高光伏电站区域电压稳定性的无功补偿控制方法,以解决共耦点(PCC)电压因电阻回路而超过上限,以及在输出有功功率较高时因无功输出相对不足而超过下限的问题。其思路是通过在电网连接点并联一个静态无功功率发生器(SVG),并采用可变垂降控制方法来实现 PCC 电压的动态调节。此外,还提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化(IPSO)算法的无功优化方法,以解决配电网系统中光伏发电集成引起的功率流变化问题。所提出的改进方法不仅能有效降低网络损耗,还能显著提高电压稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Wave energy assessment and wave converter applicability at the Pacific coast of Central America 中美洲太平洋沿岸的波浪能评估和波浪转换器的适用性
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1454275
Manuel Corrales-Gonzalez, George Lavidas, Andrea Lira-Loarca, Giovanni Besio
Nowadays, numerous governments have instituted diverse regulatory frameworks aimed at fostering the assimilation of sustainable energy sources characterized by reduced environmental footprints. Solar, wind, geothermal, and ocean energies were subject to extensive scrutiny, owing to their ecological merits. However, these sources exhibit pronounced temporal fluctuations. Notably, ocean dynamics offer vast energy reservoirs, with oceanic waves containing significant amounts of energy. In the Central American Pacific context, the exploration of wave energy resources is currently underway. Accurate numerical wave models are required for applied studies such as those focused on the estimation of exploitable wave power; and even more so in Central American region of the Pacific Ocean where existing numerical models simulations have so far relied on coarse resolution and limited validation field data. This work presents a high-resolution unstructured wave hindcast over the Central American Pacific region, implemented using the third-generation spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III over the period between 1979 and 2021. The results of the significant wave height have been bias-corrected on the basis of satellite information spanning 2005 to 2015, and further validation was performed using wave buoy and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) records located in the nearshore region of the Central America Pacific coast. After correction and validation of the wave hindcast, we employed the dataset for the evaluation and assessment of wave energy and its possible exploitation using different wave energy converters (WECs). This evaluation addressed the need to diverse the energy portfolio within the exclusive economic zones of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador in a sustainable manner. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis was carried out on the advantages of harnessing wave energy, juxtaposed with the imperative of regulatory frameworks and the current dearth of economic and environmental guidelines requisite for development within the region.
如今,许多国家的政府都制定了各种监管框架,旨在促进吸收以减少环境足迹为特点的可持续能源。太阳能、风能、地热能和海洋能因其生态优势而受到广泛关注。然而,这些能源具有明显的时间波动性。值得注意的是,海洋动力学提供了巨大的能源储备,海洋波浪蕴含着大量能量。在中美洲太平洋地区,目前正在探索波浪能资源。应用研究需要精确的波浪数值模型,例如那些侧重于估算可开发波浪能的研究;在太平洋中美洲地区更是如此,因为该地区现有的数值模型模拟迄今为止一直依赖于粗糙的分辨率和有限的验证现场数据。这项工作利用第三代频谱波浪模型 WAVEWATCH III 对 1979 年至 2021 年期间的中美洲太平洋地区进行了高分辨率非结构化波浪后报。根据 2005 年至 2015 年的卫星信息对显波高度结果进行了偏差校正,并利用位于中美洲太平洋沿岸近岸区域的波浪浮标和声学多普勒海流剖面仪(ADCP)记录进行了进一步验证。在对波浪后报进行校正和验证后,我们利用该数据集对波浪能及其利用不同波浪能转换器(WECs)的可能性进行了评估和评价。该评估旨在满足危地马拉、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加、巴拿马、哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔等国专属经济区内能源组合多样化的需求。此外,还全面分析了利用波浪能的优势,以及监管框架的必要性和该地区目前缺乏发展所需的经济和环境准则。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling and scheduling of utility-scale energy storage toward high-share renewable coordination 公用事业规模储能的建模与调度,实现高份额可再生能源协调
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1445092
Ran Ding, Xuanyuan Wang, Wei Qiu, Yiming Yao, Haixiang Xu, Yan Geng, Zhihuan Zhuo, Jiayi Han
As the integration of high-proportion renewable energy into the grid increases, the intermittency and uncertainty of renewable energy output significantly affect the safe and stable operation of the power system. Combining utility-scale energy storage technology with renewable coordination is one of the methods to address these issues. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) has garnered extensive attention due to its large capacity, long operational life, and clean, low-carbon advantages. Given the poor compressibility of air and its high critical point, using carbon dioxide as the working fluid in utility-scale energy storage systems can achieve higher energy storage density and cycle efficiency. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the study of utility-scale energy storage system modeling and scheduling methods considering carbon dioxide energy storage. It investigates Compressed Carbon Dioxide Energy Storage (CCES) systems, analyzes the operational framework of typical CCES systems, and sequentially establishes models for the energy storage process, energy release process, hot water tank operation, and gas storage tank operation. Based on this, it explores power system optimization dispatch methods considering CCES, incorporating the established models into an optimization dispatch model for power systems with high wind power penetration. Within the framework of a safe constraint unit commitment study, using the IEEE-30 nodes model, the effectiveness of the established models is validated. The case study results confirm the role of CCES in enhancing the absorption rate of renewable coordination. Moreover, under the same storage conditions, compared to, CCES offers greater charging and discharging power and higher energy storage density.
随着高比例可再生能源并入电网的增加,可再生能源输出的间歇性和不确定性极大地影响了电力系统的安全稳定运行。将公用事业级储能技术与可再生能源协调相结合是解决这些问题的方法之一。压缩空气储能(CAES)因其容量大、运行寿命长、清洁低碳等优势而受到广泛关注。鉴于空气的可压缩性差且临界点高,在公用事业规模的储能系统中使用二氧化碳作为工作流体可以实现更高的储能密度和循环效率。因此,本文重点研究了考虑二氧化碳储能的公用事业级储能系统建模和调度方法。本文研究了压缩二氧化碳储能(CCES)系统,分析了典型 CCES 系统的运行框架,并依次建立了储能过程、能量释放过程、热水箱运行和储气罐运行模型。在此基础上,探讨了考虑 CCES 的电力系统优化调度方法,将已建立的模型纳入高风电渗透率电力系统的优化调度模型。在安全约束机组承诺研究的框架内,使用 IEEE-30 节点模型,验证了既定模型的有效性。案例研究结果证实了 CCES 在提高可再生能源协调吸收率方面的作用。此外,在相同的储能条件下,CCES 的充放电功率更大,储能密度更高。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring technology of hydroturbines in pumped storage power stations: a mini review 抽水蓄能电站水轮机的监控技术:小型回顾
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1478072
Zhangbin Yang, Hongping Yuan, Xi Cai, Xueguang Lian, Jiang Mao, Xiangjian Shi
Regarding the monitoring and control technology of pumped storage power stations, the monitoring methods for the operating parameters of the turbines in pumped storage power stations were first analyzed, including the monitoring locations and methods for pressure and vibration, as well as the analysis of the reasons for special operating conditions; Secondly, the operation monitoring and fault diagnosis system of pumped storage power stations was summarized and introduced, including the commonly used monitoring systems, fault diagnosis principles, and application situations. Finally, the development trend of turbine monitoring technology and fault diagnosis was discussed.
在抽水蓄能电站监测与控制技术方面,首先分析了抽水蓄能电站水轮机运行参数的监测方法,包括压力和振动的监测位置和方法,以及特殊运行工况的原因分析;其次,总结并介绍了抽水蓄能电站的运行监测与故障诊断系统,包括常用的监测系统、故障诊断原理和应用场合。最后,讨论了水轮机监测技术和故障诊断的发展趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Conditional value at risk-based island partitioning and fault restoration reconfiguration of active distribution networks 基于风险条件值的主动配电网岛屿分区和故障恢复重构
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1460894
Zhuyi Peng, Wenjia Zhang, Wenchao Xu, Hui Cai, Feifei Zhao, Xingning Han, Kanghui Gu
With the increasing penetration of distributed energy in the distribution network, it is urgent to study how to ensure the stable and reliable operation of the power grid under fault conditions. To solve this problem, this study proposes a method for partitioning distribution network islands and reconstructing faults considering the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR). This method aims to enhance the resilience of the distribution network and the recovery capability of critical loads. Initially, a partitioning model for distribution network islands based on depth-first and breadth-first search algorithms was constructed. Building upon this partitioning, a fault reconstruction method for distribution networks that considers CVaR was developed. This method utilizes CVaR theory to transform costs and quantifies the risk that the uncertainty of distributed energy resources poses to distribution network reconstruction strategies. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using an improved IEEE 33-node system, generating typical fault scenarios.
随着分布式能源在配电网中的渗透率越来越高,研究如何确保电网在故障条件下稳定可靠地运行已迫在眉睫。为解决这一问题,本研究提出了一种考虑风险条件值(CVaR)的配电网孤岛划分和故障重构方法。该方法旨在提高配电网络的恢复能力和关键负载的恢复能力。最初,基于深度优先和广度优先搜索算法构建了配电网岛分区模型。在此分区基础上,开发了一种考虑 CVaR 的配电网络故障重构方法。该方法利用 CVaR 理论转换成本,并量化了分布式能源资源的不确定性给配电网络重建策略带来的风险。最后,利用改进的 IEEE 33 节点系统,生成典型的故障场景,展示了所提方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Cloud model-based intelligent controller for load frequency control of power grid with large-scale wind power integration 基于云模型的智能控制器用于大规模风电集成电网的负荷频率控制
IF 3.4 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1477645
Dexin Li, Xiangyu Lv, Haifeng Zhang, Xiangdong Meng, Zhenjun Xu, Chao Chen, Taiming Liu
The intermittent and fluctuating nature of active power output from wind power significantly affects the Load Frequency Control (LFC) in a power grid based on active power balance. To address this issue, this paper proposes a cloud-based intelligent PI controller designed to enhance the performance of LFC in smart grids with large-scale wind power integration. By using the error and the rate of change of error as the antecedent inputs of the cloud model-based controller and the tuning values of P and I as the consequent outputs of the cloud model, adaptive online tuning of the PI parameters is achieved. Based on the control rules of LFC in interconnected power grids and considering the uncertainty of wind power’s active power output, the membership cloud parameters are designed, which effectively solves the problems of poor parameter robustness in traditional PI control and significant human influence on membership degrees in Fuzzy PI control. A simulation model of a dual-area interconnected power grid with wind power for LFC was built using Matlab/Simulink. Two typical disturbances, namely random fluctuations in wind power and sudden increases/decreases in load, were simulated. The simulation results demonstrate that the cloud model-based intelligent PI controller designed in this paper can effectively track the frequency variations caused by random fluctuations in wind power and exhibits strong robustness.
风电有功功率输出的间歇性和波动性极大地影响了基于有功功率平衡的电网中的负载频率控制(LFC)。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于云的智能 PI 控制器,旨在提高大规模风电集成智能电网中 LFC 的性能。通过将误差和误差变化率作为基于云模型控制器的前输入,将 P 和 I 的调整值作为云模型的后输出,实现了 PI 参数的自适应在线调整。基于互联电网中 LFC 的控制规则,并考虑到风电有功功率输出的不确定性,设计了成员云参数,有效解决了传统 PI 控制中参数鲁棒性差和模糊 PI 控制中成员度受人为影响大的问题。利用 Matlab/Simulink 建立了风电双区互联电网的 LFC 仿真模型。模拟了两种典型的干扰,即风力发电的随机波动和负荷的突然增加/减少。仿真结果表明,本文设计的基于云模型的智能 PI 控制器能有效跟踪风电随机波动引起的频率变化,并表现出很强的鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
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