牛奶生物活性分子在人类和动物研究中调节葡萄糖稳态的作用

IF 4.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Foods Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI:10.3390/foods13172837
Emad Yuzbashian, Emily Berg, Stepheny C. de Campos Zani, Catherine B. Chan
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引用次数: 0

摘要

肥胖会破坏葡萄糖代谢,导致胰岛素抵抗(IR)和心脏代谢疾病。饮用牛奶和其他乳制品可能会影响葡萄糖代谢。在牛奶的复杂基质中,各种碳水化合物、脂类和肽作为生物活性分子改变着人体的新陈代谢。在此,我们总结了人类研究和啮齿动物实验的数据,说明这些生物活性分子如何调节胰岛素和葡萄糖的平衡,并补充了对其作用机制的体外研究。生物活性碳水化合物(包括乳糖、半乳糖和低聚糖)通常能降低高血糖,这可能是通过防止肠道微生物群失调实现的。在动物试验中,牛奶脂肪球膜中的牛奶衍生脂质可改善胰岛素信号通路的激活,但在人体研究中似乎对血糖影响不大。然而,反刍动物产生的其他脂质,包括极性脂质、奇数链脂肪酸、反式脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸,对葡萄糖代谢产生中性或相互矛盾的影响。从乳清和酪蛋白中提取的生物活性肽可能直接通过促胰岛素作用或肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统抑制作用,或间接通过调节增量激素来发挥其作用。总之,研究结果支持了许多人类观察性研究,并表明摄入牛奶可降低代谢紊乱的风险,或许还可用于治疗代谢紊乱。然而,牛奶中大多数生物活性化合物的作用机制在很大程度上仍未被发现。
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Cow’s Milk Bioactive Molecules in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis in Human and Animal Studies
Obesity disrupts glucose metabolism, leading to insulin resistance (IR) and cardiometabolic diseases. Consumption of cow’s milk and other dairy products may influence glucose metabolism. Within the complex matrix of cow’s milk, various carbohydrates, lipids, and peptides act as bioactive molecules to alter human metabolism. Here, we summarize data from human studies and rodent experiments illustrating how these bioactive molecules regulate insulin and glucose homeostasis, supplemented with in vitro studies of the mechanisms behind their effects. Bioactive carbohydrates, including lactose, galactose, and oligosaccharides, generally reduce hyperglycemia, possibly by preventing gut microbiota dysbiosis. Milk-derived lipids of the milk fat globular membrane improve activation of insulin signaling pathways in animal trials but seem to have little impact on glycemia in human studies. However, other lipids produced by ruminants, including polar lipids, odd-chain, trans-, and branched-chain fatty acids, produce neutral or contradictory effects on glucose metabolism. Bioactive peptides derived from whey and casein may exert their effects both directly through their insulinotropic effects or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition and indirectly by the regulation of incretin hormones. Overall, the results bolster many observational studies in humans and suggest that cow’s milk intake reduces the risk of, and can perhaps be used in treating, metabolic disorders. However, the mechanisms of action for most bioactive compounds in milk are still largely undiscovered.
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来源期刊
Foods
Foods Immunology and Microbiology-Microbiology
CiteScore
7.40
自引率
15.40%
发文量
3516
审稿时长
15.83 days
期刊介绍: Foods (ISSN 2304-8158) is an international, peer-reviewed scientific open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to all aspects of food research. It publishes reviews, regular research papers and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists, researchers, and other food professionals to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible or share their knowledge with as much readers unlimitedly as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. There are, in addition, unique features of this journal: Ÿ manuscripts regarding research proposals and research ideas will be particularly welcomed Ÿ electronic files or software regarding the full details of the calculation and experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material Ÿ we also accept manuscripts communicating to a broader audience with regard to research projects financed with public funds
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