Formation mechanisms and biogeochemical response of coastal salinity front in the central eastern Arabian Sea

This study investigates the formation mechanisms and impact of a coastal salinity front observed in the central eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) coast, particularly off Mangalore (∼13°N), during the peak summer monsoon in August 2018. The interplay of intense monsoon rainfall, river runoff and coastal upwelling created a dynamic frontal zone characterised by distinct physical and biogeochemical properties in the central EAS. The study revealed that observed salinity fronts are formed due to the breaking of freshwater lenses by strong upwelled waters and the subsequent offshore transport of low-salinity plumes by prevailing current and Ekman transport. The high nutrient concentrations enhanced the chlorophyll a concentration 15–20 times higher (10.12 mg/m³) in the frontal zone compared to the non-frontal station. The dominance of diatoms in the frontal zone indicates herbivorous control in the coastal food web. Accumulation of plastic debris and foam-like particles in the frontal zone poses ecological risks and threatens aquatic life.