Cation Induced Changes to the Structure of Cryptophane Cages

Here the monocation complexes of seven anti-cryptophanes are examined with high-resolution ion-mobility mass spectrometry. The relative size of the [cation+cryptophane]⁺ complexes were compared based on their measured mobilities and derived collisional cross sections. A paradoxical trend of structural contraction was observed for complexes of increasing cation size. Density functional theory confirmed encapsulation occurs for cation = Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺ and NH₄⁺. However, cation = Li⁺ preferred oxygen coordination at a linker over encapsulation within the cavity, leading to a slightly larger gas phase structure overall. Protonated cryptophanes yielded much larger collision cross sections via imploded cryptophane structures. Thus, competing physical effects led to the observed non-periodic size trend of the complexes. Trends in complexation from isothermal titration calorimetry and other condensed phase techniques were borne out by the gas phase studies. Further, predicted cavity sizes compared with the gas phase experimental findings reveal more about the encapsulation mechanisms themselves.