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Synthesis, Cytotoxicities, Structural Properties and Comparison of Dihalogenosubstituted-thiosemicarbazone ligands and Mixed-Ligand Ni(II) Complexes 二卤代-硫代氨基甲酸配体和混合配体 Ni(II) 配合物的合成、细胞毒性、结构特性及比较
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02774d
Elif AVCU ALTIPARMAK, Güneş ÖZEN EROĞLU, Namık Özdemir, Serap Erdem Kuruca, Tulay Bal-Demirci
Three novel mixed-ligand Ni(II) complexes were synthesized from 3,5-dihalogenosalicyladehyde-S-methyl isothiosemicarbazone ligand (3,5-dichloro for Complex I, 3,5-dibromo for Complex II, and 3,5-diiodo for Complex III) and diethanolamine. The synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis and 1H-NMR spectroscopies. Solid-state structures of Complex I and Complex II have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Both the complexes were found to have distorted square planar geometry, with coordination of azomethine nitrogen, phenolate oxygen, terminal amine of thiosemicarbazone ligand and amine nitrogen of diethanolamine. The cytotoxic effects of the ligands and the complexes were evaluated against two different types of cancer cells (THP-1 human leukaemia monocytic cell line and MDA-MB-231 aggressive breast cancer cell line) and healthy cell (HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial cell line) by using MTT method. The findings demonstrated that the chloro-derivatives exhibited better efficacy compared to cisplatin in targeting the monocytic leukemia cell line while displaying reduced toxicity towards healthy cells.
由 3,5-二卤代水杨醛-S-甲基异硫代氨基甲酮配体(3,5-二氯配体 I、3,5-二溴配体 II 和 3,5-二碘配体 III)和二乙醇胺合成了三种新型混合配体 Ni(II) 复合物。合成的化合物通过元素分析、傅立叶变换红外光谱、紫外可见光谱和 1H-NMR 光谱进行了表征。通过单晶 X 射线衍射技术确定了络合物 I 和络合物 II 的固态结构。研究发现,这两种复合物都具有扭曲的方形平面几何结构,其中偶氮甲基氮、苯酚氧、硫代氨基羰基配体的末端胺和二乙醇胺的胺氮配位。利用 MTT 法评估了配体和复合物对两种不同类型的癌细胞(THP-1 人白血病单核细胞系和 MDA-MB-231 侵袭性乳腺癌细胞系)和健康细胞(HUVEC 人脐静脉内皮细胞系)的细胞毒性作用。研究结果表明,与顺铂相比,氯代衍生物在针对单核白血病细胞系方面具有更好的疗效,同时对健康细胞的毒性也有所降低。
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引用次数: 0
Fabrication of Oxygen-Vacancy Abundant NiAl-Layered Double Hydroxides for Ultrahigh Capacity Supercapacitors 制备用于超高容量超级电容器的富氧空位镍铝层双氢氧化物
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02351j
Ziyu Wang, Yifan Song, Ruiqi Li, Risheng Li, Run-Ping Jia, Kunliang Nie, Xiaowei Xu, Lin Lin, Haijiao Xie
The manipulation of oxygen vacancies is regarded as a viable approach to enhance the electrochemical properties of electrode materials. Herein, the NiAl-LDH nanosheets with rich oxygen vacancies were successfully synthesized on the surface of nickel foam via a conventiaonal hydrothemal and chemical reduction strategy. The oxygen vacancies were introduced and modulated via NaBH4 treatment, significantly enhancing the electrochemical properties. The oxygen-vacancy abundant NiAl-LDH electrode materials show a high capacitance of 4028 F cm-2 at the current density of 2 mA cm-2 and obtain a high capacity retention of 3000 F cm-2 even at a current density of up to 20 mA cm-2. In addition, the symmetric SC device achieves a notable energy density of 71.3 Wh kg-1 while operating at a power density of 2400 W kg-1. The empirical and theoretical findings demonstrate that the incorporation of oxygen vacancy significantly contributes to the improvement of the electrochemical characteristics of LDH electrode materials. The samples discussed in this work have the potential to serve as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors in high-capacity energy storage devices.
操纵氧空位被认为是提高电极材料电化学性能的一种可行方法。在此,通过常规的水化和化学还原策略,成功地在泡沫镍表面合成了富含氧空位的 NiAl-LDH 纳米片。通过 NaBH4 处理引入并调节氧空位,显著提高了电化学性能。氧空位丰富的 NiAl-LDH 电极材料在电流密度为 2 mA cm-2 时显示出 4028 F cm-2 的高电容,即使在电流密度高达 20 mA cm-2 时也能获得 3000 F cm-2 的高电容保持率。此外,对称 SC 器件的能量密度高达 71.3 Wh kg-1,而工作功率密度则为 2400 W kg-1。经验和理论研究结果表明,氧空位的加入大大有助于改善 LDH 电极材料的电化学特性。本研究中讨论的样品有望成为大容量储能设备中超级电容器的先进电极材料。
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引用次数: 0
Bifunctional bimetallic Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with nanoflower structure for sodium-ion storage and non-enzymatic glucose sensing 用于钠离子存储和非酶葡萄糖传感的具有纳米花结构的双功能双金属唑基咪唑啉框架
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02779e
Jingjing Liu, Yu Shi, Jianhua Xu, Yajie Yang
Although Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) is widely applied in energy storage and catalysis fields, its multifunction applications are extremely limited by its closed rhombohedral dodecahedron structure. Herein, bimetallic CoFe-ZIF with an open nanoflower structure is synthesized by a simple one-step stirring strategy at room temperature. CoFe-ZIF exhibits superior sodium-ion storage performance as the anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and glucose sensing performance as the electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensor, as a result of synergistic effect between metal ions and highly-open nanoflower structure. CoFe-ZIF exhibits a specific capacity of 410.32 mA h/g at the current density of 0.10 A/g after 500 cycles for SIBs and a high sensitivity of 1484.22 μA mM−1 cm−2 in the range of 0.30-2.00 mM for glucose sensor, which also shows a low detection limit of less than 25 μM. This work also provides insight to design bimetallic MOFs by a simple strategy for multifunctional device applications.
尽管沸石咪唑啉框架(ZIFs)被广泛应用于储能和催化领域,但由于其封闭的斜方十二面体结构,其多功能应用受到极大限制。本文通过简单的一步搅拌策略,在室温下合成了具有开放纳米花结构的双金属 CoFe-ZIF。由于金属离子与高度开放的纳米花结构之间的协同效应,CoFe-ZIF 作为钠离子电池(SIBs)的阳极具有优异的钠离子存储性能,而作为非酶葡萄糖传感器的电极则具有优异的葡萄糖传感性能。在电流密度为 0.10 A/g 时,CoFe-ZIF 在 500 次循环后的 SIB 比容量为 410.32 mA h/g;在 0.30-2.00 mM 范围内,葡萄糖传感器的灵敏度高达 1484.22 μA mM-1 cm-2,检测限也低于 25 μM。这项研究还为采用简单策略设计双金属 MOFs 以应用于多功能器件提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Photophysical properties of three-coordinate heteroleptic Cu(I) β-diketiminate triarylphosphine complexes. 三配位异极性 Cu(I) β-二乙叉三芳基膦配合物的光物理特性。
IF 3.5 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02681k
Ashish Kumar, Dooyoung Kim, Giao Nguyen, Chenggang Jiang, Soumi Chakraborty, Thomas S Teets

A series of heteroleptic copper(I) β-diketiminate triarylphosphine complexes is reported, having the general formula Cu(R1NacNacR2)(PPhX3), where R1NacNacR2 is a substituted β-diketiminate and PPhX3 is a triphenylphosphine derivative. A total of five different R1NacNacR2 ligands and three different triarylphosphines are used to assemble the nine complexes. The syntheses, X-ray crystal structures, cyclic voltammograms, and UV-vis absorption spectra of all compounds are described. Whereas most of the compounds are weakly luminescent or only luminesce at 77 K, the four complexes with the more sterically encumbered β-diketiminate ligands, with methyl or isopropyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions of the N-phenyl rings, exhibit weak room-temperature photoluminescence with peaks between 519 and 566 nm and long excited-state lifetimes in the range of 15-70 μs. The sterically encumbering substituents in this subset have subtle effects on the UV-vis absorption maximum, which red shifts slightly as the steric bulk increases, as well as significant effects on the photoluminescence lifetime, which is observed to increase as the steric bulk is augmented. Substituents on the triarylphosphine also influence the excited-state dynamics in the bulky complexes, with the more electron-rich tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (PPhOMe3) giving longer-excited-state lifetimes compared to triphenylphosphine (PPh3) when the same R1NacNacR2 ligand is used.

报告了一系列异极铜(I)β-二基亚胺三芳基膦配合物,其通式为 Cu(R1NacNacR2)(PPhX3),其中 R1NacNacR2 为取代的 β-二基亚胺,PPhX3 为三苯基膦衍生物。九种配合物共使用了五种不同的 R1NacNacR2 配体和三种不同的三芳基膦。文中介绍了所有化合物的合成、X 射线晶体结构、循环伏安图和紫外-可见吸收光谱。大多数化合物发光微弱或仅在 77 K 时发光,而在 N-苯基环的 2-和 6-位上具有甲基或异丙基取代基、具有较多立体包被的 β-二偏二亚胺配体的四种复合物则表现出微弱的室温光致发光,峰值在 519 和 566 nm 之间,激发态寿命长达 15-70 μs。该子集中的立体阻碍取代基对紫外-可见吸收最大值有微妙的影响,随着立体体积的增大,吸收最大值会发生轻微的红移,同时对光致发光寿命也有显著的影响,据观察,随着立体体积的增大,光致发光寿命也会延长。在使用相同的 R1NacNacR2 配体时,电子更丰富的三(4-甲氧基苯基)膦 (PPhOMe3) 与三苯基膦 (PPh3) 相比,激发态寿命更长。
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引用次数: 0
Bright and Persistent Green Emitting MgGa2O4:Mn2+ for Phosphor Converted White Light Emitting Diodes 用于荧光粉转换白光发光二极管的明亮持久的绿色发光 MgGa2O4:Mn2+
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02960g
Reshmi Thekke Parayil, Santosh Kumar Gupta, Malini Abraham, Deepak Tyagi, Subrata Das, Mohit Tyagi, Narendra Singh Rawat, Manoj Mohapatra
Narrow band green emitting phosphors have got widespread attention due to their application in white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) backlight displays. The commercial backlight displays are having a broad band green phosphor which limits their performance. In this work, bright, narrow and thermally stable green emitting MgGa2O4:Mn2+ (MGO-Mn) has been synthesized Time-resolved emission spectroscopy suggested that Mn2+ ions are distributed at both Mg2+ and Ga3+ sites in MGO spinel which resulted in high internal quantum efficiency of 63%. The colour purity of the MGO-Mn (76.4%) superseded that of commercial green phosphor β-SiAlON:Eu2+ (59.12%). Doping induced creation of oxygen vacancy impart MGO-Mn with excellent persistent luminescence with time duration of more than 900 sec on 1 min charging with 270 nm UV light and persistence radioluminescence of more than 6000 sec when charged with X-rays for 1 min. Finally, tunable white LEDs (cool and neutral white LED) are fabricated by combining the RGB mixture of the green phosphor with commercial red and blue phosphor along with a 280 nm UV LED chip. This work also provides importance of different annealing atmosphere on the photoluminescence and persistence luminescence of the MGO-Mn phosphor.
窄带绿色发光荧光粉因其在白光发光二极管(WLED)背光显示器中的应用而受到广泛关注。商用背光显示器使用的是宽带绿色荧光粉,这限制了其性能。这项研究合成了明亮、窄带和热稳定的绿色发光 MgGa2O4:Mn2+ (MGO-Mn)。 时间分辨发射光谱表明,Mn2+ 离子分布在 MGO 尖晶石中的 Mg2+ 和 Ga3+ 位点上,从而产生了高达 63% 的内部量子效率。MGO-Mn 的色纯度(76.4%)超过了商用绿色荧光粉 β-SiAlON:Eu2+(59.12%)。掺杂诱导产生的氧空位赋予 MGO-Mn 极佳的持续发光性能,在 270 纳米紫外光下充电 1 分钟后,持续发光时间超过 900 秒;在 X 射线下充电 1 分钟后,持续放射发光时间超过 6000 秒。最后,通过将绿色荧光粉的 RGB 混合物与商用红色和蓝色荧光粉以及 280 纳米紫外线 LED 芯片相结合,制造出了可调白光 LED(冷白光和中性白光 LED)。这项工作还提供了不同退火气氛对 MGO-Mn 荧光粉的光致发光和持续发光的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Syntheses and properties of energetic cyclo-pentazolate cocrystals 高能环五唑酯共晶体的合成与特性
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02727b
Fanle Meng, Zihong Ye, Hongwei Zhu, Lianghe Sun, Ming Lu, Yuangang Xu
As a new type of polynitrogen species that is stable at room temperature, pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5−) has attracted much attention in the field of high-energy-density materials, but its energy and stability are unbalanced. Cocrystallisation can balance their properties to some extent by forming new chemical compositions from existing cyclo-N5− compounds through non-covalent interactions. This article reviews the research progress of cyclo-N5− cocrystals in recent years, including synthetic methods, cocrystals of metal-N5− compounds, and cocrystals of nonmetallic pentazolate salts. The cocrystals of metal-N5− compounds mainly includes metal-N5− solvates, cocrystals composed of metal-N5− compounds and amines/MSM, and metal containing composite salts; The cocrystals of nonmetallic pentazolate salts includes cocrystals composed of cyclo-N5− salts and solvents, cocrystals composed of cyclo-N5− salts and N-heterocyclic molecules, and non-metallic composite salts. The fascinating crystal structures (in some cases topological structures), stable forms, and physicochemical properties of representative cocrystals were highlighted. In addition, the future directions that need to be focused on in this field were pointed out, including the development of more preparation methods, especially those suitable for scaling up; higher precision calculation or testing of enthalpy of formation; improvement of their thermal stabilities; creation cocrystals of cyclo-N5− salts and high-density, high oxygen balance, high-energy oxidizer; and exploration of formation mechanism.
五氮杂环阴离子(环-N5-)作为一种在室温下稳定的新型多氮物种,在高能量密度材料领域备受关注,但其能量和稳定性并不平衡。通过非共价作用将现有环-N5-化合物形成新的化学成分,共晶化可以在一定程度上平衡其性能。本文综述了近年来环-N5-共晶体的研究进展,包括合成方法、金属-N5-化合物共晶体和非金属五唑盐共晶体。金属-N5-化合物共晶体主要包括金属-N5-溶胶、金属-N5-化合物与胺/MSM组成的共晶体以及含金属的复合盐;非金属五唑盐共晶体包括环-N5-盐与溶剂组成的共晶体、环-N5-盐与N-杂环分子组成的共晶体以及非金属复合盐。重点介绍了具有代表性的共晶体的迷人晶体结构(在某些情况下为拓扑结构)、稳定形态和理化性质。此外,还指出了该领域未来需要关注的方向,包括开发更多的制备方法,特别是适合放大的方法;更精确地计算或测试形成焓;提高其热稳定性;创造环-N5-盐和高密度、高氧平衡、高能氧化剂的共晶体;以及探索形成机理。
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引用次数: 0
Chromium Catalyzed Sustainable C-C and C-N Bond Formation: C-Alkylation and Friedländer Quinoline Synthesis Using Alcohols 铬催化的可持续 C-C 和 C-N 键形成:使用醇进行 C-烷基化和 Friedländer 喹啉合成
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01481b
Vaishnavi Atreya, Sachin Jalwal, Subrata Chakraborty
A phosphine-based novel pincer chromium (II) catalyst CrCl2(PONNH) (Cr-1) is reported. The complex exhibited promising catalytic performance in C-C and C-N bond formation by borrowing hydrogen methodology. The Cr-1 catalyzed α-alkylation of ketones using primary alcohols as alkyl surrogates in the presence of catalytic amount of base. The catalyst was also found to perform β-alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols. In addition, dehydrogenative annulation of 2-aminobenzyl alcohols with ketones to form quinolines was also achieved using Cr-1. Supported by the mechanistic investigation, a plausible mechanism based on metal-ligand cooperation is proposed. The reactions are redox-neutral, atom efficient, producing water as the only by-product, thus contributing towards the sustainable development.
报告了一种基于膦的新型钳形铬 (II) 催化剂 CrCl2(PONNH) (Cr-1)。通过借氢法,该配合物在 C-C 和 C-N 键形成方面表现出良好的催化性能。在催化量的碱存在下,Cr-1 催化了以伯醇为烷基代用品的酮的 α-烷基化反应。研究还发现,该催化剂还能与伯醇进行仲醇的 β-烷基化反应。此外,还利用 Cr-1 实现了 2-氨基苄醇与酮的脱氢环化反应,生成喹啉类化合物。在机理研究的支持下,提出了一种基于金属配体合作的合理机理。反应是氧化还原中性的,原子效率高,唯一的副产物是水,因此有助于可持续发展。
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引用次数: 0
Highly efficient CO2 capture and chemical fixation of a microporous (3, 36)-connected txt-type Cu(II)-MOF with multifunctional sites 具有多功能位点的微孔 (3, 36) 连接 txt 型 Cu(II)-MOF 的高效二氧化碳捕获和化学固定技术
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01531b
Wenyu Dong, Zhaoxu Wang, Cai Zuxian, Deng Yiqiang, Guanyu Wang, Baishu Zheng
Incorporating multiple functional sites in porous frameworks to enormously enhance the host-guest interactions is an effective strategy to obtain high-performance CO2 capture and chemical fixation MOF materials. Herein, we designed and constructed a microporous (3, 36)-connected txt-type Cu(II)-based MOF (HNUST-17) from dicopper(II)-paddlewheel clusters and a novel pyridine-based acylamide-linking V-shape diisophthalate ligand with amino groups. Interestingly, with a high density of multiple strong CO2-philic sites (open metal sites, acylamide and amino functionalities) integrated in the framework, which have been identified by GCMC (Grand canonical Monte Carlo) simulations and DFT (Density functional theory) calculations, HNUST-17 exhibits high and selective capture for CO2 over CH4 and N2 at ambient temperature. Moreover, HNUST-17 possesses efficiently catalytic activity and recyclability for chemical fixation of CO2 coupling with epoxides into cyclic carbonates in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide as the cocatalyst under mild, solvent-free conditions.
在多孔框架中加入多个功能位点以极大地增强主客体之间的相互作用是获得高性能二氧化碳捕获和化学固定MOF材料的有效策略。在此,我们设计并构建了一种微孔(3,36)连接的 Txt 型铜(II)基 MOF(HNUST-17),该材料由二铜(II)-桨轮团簇和一种新型吡啶基酰基酰胺连接的 V 型带氨基的邻苯二甲酸二异酯配体组成。有趣的是,通过 GCMC(大规范蒙特卡洛)模拟和 DFT(密度泛函理论)计算,HNUST-17 的框架中集成了高密度的多个强 CO2 亲位(开放金属位、酰基酰胺和氨基官能团),因此在环境温度下,HNUST-17 对 CO2 的捕获率和选择性都很高,超过了对 CH4 和 N2 的捕获率。此外,HNUST-17 还具有高效的催化活性和可回收性,可在温和、无溶剂的条件下,在四丁基溴化铵作为助催化剂的存在下,将 CO2 与环氧化物偶联化学固定为环状碳酸盐。
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引用次数: 0
Neutral nickel complexes with tetradentate N-heterocyclic carbene amidate ligands for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution 具有四价 N-杂环碳烯酰胺配体的中性镍络合物用于电催化氢进化
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02746a
Si Si, Wenxun Song, Jie Chen, Weimin Zhang, Wenhua Ji, Wonwoo Nam, Bin Wang
Neutral nickel complexes bearing tetradentate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) amidate ligands were prepared; the effects of coordination geometry of the nickel center and the electronic properties of the ligand on the redox behavior as well as the electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were investigated.
研究了镍中心的配位几何和配体的电子特性对氧化还原行为以及氢进化反应(HER)电催化活性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Feasibility of controlled nitric oxide generation via ascorbate induced chemical reduction of nitrite ions. 通过抗坏血酸诱导亚硝酸根离子的化学还原来控制一氧化氮生成的可行性。
IF 4 3区 化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01980f
Hannah Naldrett, Csilla Fekete, Robert Bartlett, Zoltán Benkő, Steven Schwendeman, Gergely Lautner
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a lifesaving, FDA-approved drug to improve oxygenation in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. iNO also has many other applications in lung diseases owing to its vasodilatory and antimicrobial effects. However, its wider therapeutic application is often prohibited by the high cost and logistical barriers of traditional NO/N2 gas tanks. Development of low-cost portable and tankless nitric oxide (NO) generators is a critical need to advance iNO therapy. Here, we describe the feasibility of NO generation by the controlled reduction of nitrite (NO2-) ions. This was accomplished by using ascorbate to reduce NO2- ions mediated by a copper(I/II) redox pair complexed by an azo-crown ether ligand ([Cu(II)L]2+/[Cu(I)L]+) in the solution phase. We found that oxalate, a decomposition product of ascorbate, interferes with the NO generation from the copper-ligand complex. This interference was mitigated, and the reaction was further optimized. NO generation through this method was found to be highly controllable via its proportionality to the flow rate of nitrite injected into a reaction chamber containing the reducing components. Hence, this simple approach adds to the current collection of innovative methods under development to obviate the use of NO tanks for iNO delivery.
吸入一氧化氮(iNO)是美国食品及药物管理局(FDA)批准的一种救命药物,可改善新生儿持续性肺动脉高压患者的氧合状况。然而,由于传统的 NO/N2 气罐成本高昂、物流障碍重重,其更广泛的治疗应用往往受到阻碍。开发低成本的便携式无罐一氧化氮(NO)发生器是推进 iNO 治疗的迫切需要。在此,我们介绍了通过控制亚硝酸根(NO2-)离子的还原来生成一氧化氮的可行性。我们利用抗坏血酸来还原 NO2-离子,这种还原是在溶液相中由偶氮冠醚配体([Cu(II)L]2+/[Cu(I)L]+)络合的铜(I/II)氧化还原对介导的。我们发现,抗坏血酸的分解产物草酸盐会干扰铜配体络合物产生 NO。我们缓解了这种干扰,并进一步优化了反应。研究发现,通过这种方法生成的氮氧化物与注入含有还原成分的反应室的亚硝酸盐流量成正比,因此具有很高的可控性。因此,这种简单的方法为目前正在开发的一系列创新方法增添了新的内容,从而避免了使用氮氧化物罐来输送 iNO。
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引用次数: 0
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Dalton Transactions
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