Fluid-driven fault nucleation, rupture processes, and permeability evolution in oshima granite — Preliminary results and acoustic emission datasets

This study investigated the fault nucleation and rupture processes driven by stress and fluid pressure in fine-grained granite by monitoring acoustic emissions (AEs). Through detailed analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of the AE hypocenter, P-wave velocity, stress-strain, and other experimental observation data under different confining pressures for stress-driven fractures and under different water injection conditions for fluid-driven fractures, it was found that fluid has the following effects: 1) complicating the fault nucleation process, 2) exhibiting episodic AE activity corresponding to fault branching and the formation of multiple faults, 3) extending the spatiotemporal scale of nucleation processes and pre-slip, and 4) reducing the dynamic rupture velocity and stress drop. The experiments also show that 1) during the fault nucleation process, the b-value for AEs changes from 1 to 1.3 to 0.5 before dynamic rupture, and then rapidly recovers to around 1–1.2 during aftershock activity and 2) the hydraulic diffusivity gradually increases from an initial pre-rupture order of 0.1 ​m²/s to 10–100 ​m²/s after dynamic rupture. These results provide a reasonable fault pre-slip model, indicating that hydraulic fracturing promotes shear slip before dynamic rupture, as well as laboratory-scale insights into ensuring the safety and effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations related to activities such as geothermal development, evaluating the seismic risk induced by water injection, and further researching the precursory preparation process for deep fluid-driven or fluid-involved natural earthquakes. The publicly available dataset is expected to be used for various purposes, including 1) as training data for artificial intelligence related to microseismic data processing and analysis, 2) predicting the remaining time before rock fractures, and 3) establishing models and assessment methods for the relationship between microseismic characteristics and rock hydraulic properties, which will deepen our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between fluid migration and rock deformation and fracture.