The influence of NaCl on xanthate adsorption on chalcopyrite surface and chalcopyrite flotation

Due to freshwater scarcity, mineral flotation plants have been using alternative water resources including seawater together with water recycling, resulting in the accumulation of salts in process water. However, how salts affect the adsorption of xanthates on the surfaces of sulphide minerals and subsequent sulphide mineral flotation is unclear. To address the knowledge gap, this study investigated how NaCl affected the adsorption of potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) on chalcopyrite surface and chalcopyrite flotation. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests identified that NaCl increased the oxidation of PAX and its adsorption on chalcopyrite surface due to elevated ionic strength and electrical conductivity of water, facilitating charge transfer among PAX, chalcopyrite surface and oxygen. NaCl also increased chalcopyrite surface oxidation to produce more CuS, facilitating the formation of copper-xanthate complexes. Flotation tests identified that the increased adsorption of PAX by NaCl was only translated into improved true flotation of chalcopyrite at a low PAX concentration such as 50 ppm in NaCl solutions with low and medium concentrations (0.1 and 0.7 M, respectively). At a high PAX concentration such as 150 ppm, the coexistence of high concentrations of PAX and NaCl led to strong froth destabilisation, resulting in a dramatic reduction in water recovery and true flotation recovery of chalcopyrite. The findings from this study will be able to guide the flotation plants to maximise mineral flotation by choosing collector dosage based on the ionic strength of process water.