Algae as a source of bionanofactory for the synthesis of ecofriendly nanoparticles

Nanoparticle synthesis using biological systems has become increasingly popular because of its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Nanoparticles have unique properties and are hence being increasingly explored for various applications, including medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and bioremediation. In particular, the use of algae for the production of nanoparticles has recently drawn increased amounts of attention because of the possible advantages of this process over conventional methods. The current review aims to document, update, and uncover all the details pertaining to algal nanoparticle synthesis, characterization and applications. Algae have substantial economic value for large-scale manufacturing of various components. It has been used to synthesize a variety of nanoparticles, such as iron, zinc, copper, gold, and silver. Several algal metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and catalytic properties. Although there has been some success in obtaining nanoparticle production from algal species, there are still some unexplored facts that need to be uncovered to improve production. Therefore, this article reviews the recent advances in synthesizing and characterizing nanoparticles from algae and their potential applications.