Factors influencing synthesis and properties of MAX phases

MAX phases are a member of ternary carbide and nitride, with a layered crystal structure and a mixed nature of chemical bonds (covalent-ionic-metallic) that promote MAX phases embracing both ceramic and metal characteristics. As a result, MAX phase ceramics emerge with remarkable properties unique from other traditional ceramics. In this review, we focus on alternate processing approaches for MAX phases that are cost-effective and energy-saving. The MAX phase purity, formation of other unwanted phases, microstructure, and properties are influenced by many parameters during processing. Therefore, we highlight the effect of numerous factors, which alternately diminish the efficiency and performance of materials. Here, the impact of several parameters, such as starting materials, stoichiometric composition, temperature, pressure, particle size, porosity, microstructure, mechanical alloying, mechanical activation, ion irradiation, and doping, are summarized to reveal their influence on the synthesis and properties of MAX phases. The potential applications of MAX phases are considered for their development on a commercial scale toward the industry.