Perceived social support and symptoms of depression and anxiety in emerging adulthood: A Swedish prospective cohort study.

Aims: The transition from adolescence to young adulthood, often referred to as 'emerging adulthood', is a challenging period in life, and mental health problems are common. Although a large number of studies have shown that social support is linked with fewer mental health problems, few longitudinal studies have examined these associations during this life phase. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between perceived social support from different sources - family, friends and significant other - at age 17-18 and symptoms of depression and anxiety at age 20-21.

Methods: Data were obtained from the cohort study Futura01 based on a Swedish national sample of adolescents attending grade 9 in 2016/2017. We used survey information from 2019 (age 17-18) and 2022 (age 20-21) and linked registry information (N=2722). Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) at age 20-21. Perceived social support was measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) at age 17-18. Control variables included sociodemographic characteristics and indicators of mental health problems at age 17-18. Binary logistic regressions were performed.

Results: When mutually adjusting for all sources of perceived social support, family support at age 17-18 had inverse associations with symptoms of both depression and anxiety at age 20-21. Perceived support from friends was associated with subsequent symptoms of anxiety only.

Conclusions: Perceived social support can be a protective factor against mental health problems in emerging adulthood. The family serves a particularly important source of social support.