Pearl-inspired functional biomaterials: Review of their preparation, characterization, and application in food packaging

Background

The formation, morphology, and properties of the layers in pearl have intrigued scientists and artisans for centuries. Nacre, formed within the shells of mollusks, have a unique laminated composite structure, characterized by alternating layers of organic substances and calcium carbonate crystals. Understanding the intricacies of pearl formation has implications beyond aesthetic appreciation. Recently, there has been growing interest in exploring the potential applications of pearl-inspired materials in various fields, including the food industry.

Scope and approach

This article begins by reviewing the formation, structure, and mechanical properties of pearl layers, with the aim of elucidating how biomimetic functional materials can be assembled for food applications. The potential of various fabrication approaches, including self-assembly, biomineralization, 3D printing, and vacuum filtration for mimicking the complex structure of natural pearls are discussed. The potential application of these pearl-inspired biomimetic materials as protectants and sensors in food packaging is then highlighted.

Key findings and conclusions

Studies indicate that nacre-inspired materials can be fabricated to possess optical properties, mechanical strength, barrier capabilities, and hydrophobicity akin to those found in natural pearls. Advanced fabrication technologies allow precise control over the properties of these materials. As a result, novel bio-inspired materials can be created that may be used in smart packaging materials, e.g., as humidity sensors, freshness detectors, or anti-counterfeiting labels to enhance food quality, safety, and authenticity.