Design, synthesis and FXR partial agonistic activity of anthranilic acid derivatives bearing aryloxy moiety as therapeutic agents for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Increasing evidence suggests that targeting FXR with full agonists may lead to side effects. FXR partial agonists, which moderately activate FXR signaling, are emerging as a feasible approach to mitigate side effects and address MASH. Herein, a series of novel anthranilic acid derivatives bearing aryloxy moiety were designed and synthesized using a hybrid strategy from the previously identified FXR partial agonists DM175 and AIV-25. Particularly, compound 26 exhibited potent FXR partial agonistic activity in a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay with an EC₅₀ value of 0.09 ± 0.02 µM (75.13 % maximum efficacy relative to OCA). In the MASH mice model, compound 26 significantly ameliorated the pathological features of the liver, including steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. In addition, compound 26 displayed high selectivity, good oral bioavailability, high liver distribution, as well as an acceptable safety profile. Molecular simulation studies showed that compound 26 fitted well with the binding site of FXR. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that compound 26 might serve as a promising candidate targeting FXR for MASH treatment.