Plant anthocyanins: Classification, biosynthesis, regulation, bioactivity, and health benefits

Anthocyanins are naturally water-soluble pigments of plants, which can be pink, orange, red, purple, or blue. Anthocyanins belong to a subcategory of flavonoids known as polyphenols and are consumed in plant-based foods. The antioxidant properties of anthocyanins benefit human health. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the classification, distribution, and biosynthesis of anthocyanins and their regulation in plants, along with their potential health benefits. In this review, we provide a systematic synthesis of recent progress in anthocyanin research, specifically focusing on the classification, biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, bioactivity, and health benefits. We bridge the gaps in understanding anthocyanin biological significance and potential applications. Furthermore, we discuss future directions for anthocyanin research, such as biotechnology, bioavailability, and the integration of artificial intelligence. We highlight pivotal research questions that warrant further exploration in the field of anthocyanin research.