Multi-level consensus based load frequency controller with multi-battery energy storage systems

This study introduces a primary and secondary level multi-consensus load frequency controller (LFC) with distributed multi-battery energy storage system (MBESS) to regulate the frequency and voltage of the islanded grid. The suggested control approach uses battery storage devices’ ability to deliver or absorb active power during power shortages or surpluses in order to regulate the system frequency and voltage. The controller uses consensus-based distributed coordination among agents in order to achieve stabilise frequency and voltage. In primary mode, each node exchanges local information with its neighbour, such as battery energy, power, and state of charge (SoC), to reach an agreement value in finite time. In secondary mode, the controller achieves its stability by sharing active and reactive power to regulate the frequency and the voltage. The conventional PI controller with a state feedback loop controller is used as a local controller for LFC in the multi-agent control platform. Numerical examples are considered throughout the simulations to highlight the controller’s functionality and are compared with the past literature. As simulation results suggested, the proposed model with the MBESS will have a efficient system performances compare to traditional LFC mode. In this case, each single battery model has the ability to work as a generator and as an active load to the grid to balance frequency and voltage fluctuations. Furthermore, the results are obtained through the OP5700 real-time simulator to compare the values with the simulation. The results are further validated on the IEEE 14-bus power system. Analysis of the results indicates that the proposed system exhibits better characteristics with the multi-level consensus approach, compared to the traditional LFC.