Electric Power Systems Research最新文献

Flexible and adjustable resource backup capacity planning method for port areas with a high percentage of new energy access 针对新能源接入比例高的港区，灵活可调的资源备份容量规划方法

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111265

Xiangyu Kong , Jiaming Gao , Delong Zhang , Wei Li , Xifeng Gao

In view of the problem of insufficient flexibility in grid regulation caused by the large-scale integration of new energy sources, this paper proposes an interactive regulation method for flexible resources to participate in wind and solar energy consumption and establishes a two-layer optimization model of planning and operation. The planning layer considers the planned capacity of flexible adjustable resources, and the operation layer comprehensively considers economic costs. Flexible resources are coordinated and regulated to achieve multi-objective optimization using a hybrid swarm migration algorithm based on indicators such as the operating costs of each standby unit and the cost of standby resources. The optimization results are then fed back to the planning layer to obtain the optimal regulation scheme. Meanwhile, this paper expands the source of backup resources to include the source-load-storage. It proposes a strategy for coordinating the participation of diversified resources from the source-load-storage in the backup capacity planning. Finally, a simulation analysis is carried out based on the actual power grid of a port. The results show that the reasonable allocation of diversified flexible resources can improve the economy of the power grid, the wind and solar energy consumption capacity, the flexibility of regulation, and the reliable operation capacity, which verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method.

针对新能源大规模并网导致电网调节灵活性不足的问题，本文提出了柔性资源参与风能、太阳能消纳的交互调节方法，并建立了规划与运行两层优化模型。规划层考虑灵活可调资源的规划容量，运营层综合考虑经济成本。基于各备用机组运行成本和备用资源成本等指标，采用混合群迁移算法对柔性资源进行协调和调控，实现多目标优化。将优化结果反馈给规划层，得到最优调节方案。同时，本文将备份资源的来源扩展到包括源-负载-存储。提出了一种协调源-负载-存储多种资源参与备份容量规划的策略。最后，以某港口实际电网为例进行了仿真分析。结果表明，多种柔性资源的合理配置可以提高电网的经济性、风能和太阳能的消纳能力、调控的灵活性和可靠的运行能力，验证了所提方法的合理性和有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Efficient handling of radiality constraints for large-scaled power distribution networks 大型配电网径向约束的有效处理

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111278

Ludovico Nati , Renato Bruni , Marco Maccioni , Alberto Geri

Power distribution networks are usually characterized by a radial topology and therefore the related optimization problems require radiality constraints in their formulations. However, practical instances may have very large size, and the number of radiality constraints may grow faster than the size of the instance. Hence, the arising optimization models may become computationally intractable due to their huge dimension. This work proposes a combinatorial optimization approach to overcome this issue. Our approach is based on the combinatorial formulation of the radiality constraints and their delayed and efficient generation in the model, following a separation-optimization scheme. We find an optimal acyclic spanning subgraph subject to both technical side constraints and topological radiality requirements on a graph representing the distribution network. This can be done without considering all the exponentially many radiality constrains from the beginning of the model solution, but introducing only the ones that are needed to make the solution feasible. It turns out that the number of required constraints is much smaller than the number of all possible radiality constraints, also because some of the electric constraints already favor the elimination of infeasible configurations. Computational experiments on reconfiguration benchmarks from the literature show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

配电网通常具有径向拓扑的特征，因此相关的优化问题在其公式中需要径向约束。然而，实际实例可能具有非常大的大小，并且径向约束的数量可能比实例的大小增长得更快。因此，所产生的优化模型由于其庞大的维数而变得难以计算。本文提出了一种组合优化方法来克服这一问题。我们的方法是基于径向约束的组合公式及其在模型中的延迟和有效生成，遵循分离优化方案。在满足技术侧约束和拓扑径向性要求的配电网图上，我们找到了一个最优的无环生成子图。这可以在不考虑从模型解决方案开始的所有指数多的径向约束的情况下完成，而只引入使解决方案可行所需的约束。事实证明，所需约束的数量远远小于所有可能的径向约束的数量，也因为一些电约束已经有利于消除不可行的构型。基于文献的重构基准计算实验表明了该方法的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Graph topology-constrained BILP for optimal PMU placements 最优PMU放置的图拓扑约束BILP

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111291

Pengcheng Zhang, Yuqin Sun, Tianyi Wang, Jingcong Wang, Wei Zhang

In the monitoring and control of power systems, the deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is of paramount importance, yet their high installation costs have limited their widespread application. To address this issue, this paper proposes an innovative method based on graph topology constraints, known as the Graph Topology-constrained Binary Integer Linear Programming (GT-BILP) approach, aimed at achieving the optimal configuration of PMUs. This method not only takes into account cost-effectiveness but also ensures the complete observability of the system. By quantifying the contribution of each node and bus to the system's observability within the network, a novel contribution matrix is constructed. This matrix integrates the dynamic characteristics of network topology and information flow, providing precise decision support for the deployment of PMUs. By combining the matrix with the network's planning model, the GT-BILP model is obtained, which can effectively solve the PMU layout requirements for large power grids. For the special case of zero-injection buses (ZIBs), the Topology Transformation algorithm has been improved, significantly enhancing the solution efficiency and quality. Through simulation experiments on multiple IEEE standard test systems, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed GT-BILP model have been verified. This research is of significant importance for improving the monitoring and control capabilities of power systems and provides a new perspective for technological advancement in this field.

在电力系统的监测和控制中，相量测量单元（pmu）的部署至关重要，但其高昂的安装成本限制了其广泛应用。为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种基于图拓扑约束的创新方法，即图拓扑约束二进制整数线性规划（GT-BILP）方法，旨在实现pmu的最优配置。该方法既考虑了成本效益，又保证了系统的完全可观测性。通过量化网络中各节点和总线对系统可观测性的贡献，构造了一个新的贡献矩阵。该矩阵综合了网络拓扑和信息流的动态特性，为pmu的部署提供了精确的决策支持。将矩阵与网络规划模型相结合，得到GT-BILP模型，可有效解决大型电网PMU布局要求。针对零注入总线的特殊情况，对拓扑变换算法进行了改进，显著提高了求解效率和质量。通过在多个IEEE标准测试系统上的仿真实验，验证了GT-BILP模型的有效性和优越性。该研究对提高电力系统的监测与控制能力具有重要意义，为该领域的技术进步提供了新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating synchrophasor-enabled angle-based differential protection in distribution networks 配电网中基于同步相量的角度差动保护的评估

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111261

Gagandeep Singh Dua , Faisal Sattar , Sajan K. Sadanandan , Tareg Ghaoud

The inclusion of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) affects the protection requirements and the functional constraints of the modern distribution networks (MDNs). With continued research on the primary protection of MDNs, this paper evaluates an angle-based differential protection scheme utilizing synchrophasors from distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMUs). The suggested scheme is based on computing the Absolute Superimposed Differential Angle (ASDA) of positive sequence current between two ends of a distribution line. The ASDA concept is explained by considering internal and external fault conditions. The initial investigations are performed on a modified real-distribution network in the Dubai utility, assuming rotating or non-rotating DER. Thereafter, the scheme is thoroughly examined in a seven-node MDN modeled in Real-Time Simulator, exploring various scenarios such as different fault types, fault resistance and line length variations, switching transients, varying DER penetration levels and types, and different network operation modes. Additionally, the analysis of CT saturation effect, measurement noise and response time of the proposed scheme has been carried out. A real-time laboratory testbed is also developed utilizing physical PMUs and a real-time simulator to verify the performance of suggested scheme in a practical environment. Furthermore, a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the proposed strategy is presented to demonstrate the strategy’s reliability and efficacy. Our findings demonstrate that the suggested approach reliably detects short-circuit faults in a broad spectrum of network conditions.

分布式能源的加入影响着现代配电网的保护要求和功能约束。随着对mdn初级保护的不断研究，本文评估了一种基于角度的差动保护方案，该方案利用分布级相量测量单元（D-PMUs）的同步相量。该方案基于计算配电线路两端正序电流的绝对叠加差分角（ASDA）。通过考虑内部和外部故障条件来解释ASDA的概念。最初的调查是在迪拜公用事业的一个改进的实时配电网络上进行的，假设旋转或非旋转DER。然后，在Real-Time Simulator中对七节点MDN模型进行了深入研究，探索了不同故障类型、故障电阻和线路长度变化、交换瞬态、不同DER渗透水平和类型以及不同网络运行模式等各种场景。此外，还对该方案的CT饱和效应、测量噪声和响应时间进行了分析。利用物理pmu和实时模拟器建立了实时实验室测试平台，在实际环境中验证了所提方案的性能。此外，对所提出的策略进行了定量和定性评估，以证明该策略的可靠性和有效性。我们的研究结果表明，建议的方法在广泛的网络条件下可靠地检测短路故障。

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引用次数: 0

Fault characteristics and protection methods for long distribution lines with grid-forming IBDG integration 并网IBDG一体化长配电线路故障特征及保护方法

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111274

Guang Li , Zhihua Zhang , Ruyun Zhao , Bingyin Xu

Grid-forming inverter-based distributed generation (IBDG) is an effective means to address low voltage issues at the end of long distribution lines in remote areas. However, existing distribution protection methods are not suitable for this scenario. By analyzing the voltage phase angles of grid-forming IBDG that meet low voltage remediation requirements, the boundary phase angle conditions corresponding to ”minimum line loss” and ”minimum inverter current” are derived. Based on this, the distribution characteristics of short-circuit currents in long distribution networks are analyzed, and the limitations of traditional three-stage current protection methods are revealed through a regional discussion. An adaptive current protection method is proposed, which automatically adjusts protection device parameters by real-time calculation of regional intersection positions and currents. The effectiveness of this method is verified through simulations. The simulation results confirm the accuracy of the proposed boundary conditions and fault characteristic analysis, demonstrating that the proposed adaptive current protection method can effectively address short-circuit scenarios in long distribution networks with grid-forming IBDG integration.

基于并网逆变器的分布式发电（IBDG）是解决偏远地区长配电线路末端低压问题的有效手段。但是，现有的配电保护方法不适合这种场景。通过分析满足低压修复要求的并网IBDG电压相角，推导出“最小线损”和“最小逆变电流”对应的边界相角条件。在此基础上，分析了长配电网中短路电流的分布特征，并通过区域讨论揭示了传统三级电流保护方法的局限性。提出了一种自适应电流保护方法，通过实时计算区域交点位置和电流，自动调整保护装置参数。通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性。仿真结果验证了所提出的边界条件和故障特征分析的准确性，表明所提出的自适应电流保护方法能够有效地解决并网IBDG集成的长配电网中的短路情况。

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引用次数: 0

A novel method to enhance partial discharge localization accuracy using sectional winding analysis and a neural network-based learning vector quantization model 采用分段绕组分析和基于神经网络的学习向量量化模型提高局部放电定位精度的新方法

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111292

Amir Mohammadirad, A.A. Shayegani Akmal, Mohammad Hamed Samimi

Timely detection of insulation faults in power transformers is essential to prevent damage, outages, and financial losses. Locating partial discharge (PD) sources in transformers with complex windings poses a significant challenge, leading to insulation failure. This paper presents a novel approach combining a learning vector quantization (LVQ) network with frequency response analysis (FRA) to locate PDs along the windings, even in noisy environments, without using noise suppression techniques. The method obtains sectional winding transfer functions (SWTFs) using vector fitting (VF). A Gaussian function is injected into each SWTF, and the responses are captured as PD reference signals to train the LVQ network. In addition, a 5000 pC PD test pulse from a calibrator is injected into randomly selected laboratory winding sections, while a traveling rectangular wave is injected into the estimated SWTFs, obtained from FRA using vector fitting. The resulting responses are utilized as PD test signals to assess the proposed method across various PD pulse waveforms. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance, particularly in high-level background noise, leading to significantly improved PD localization accuracy. Finally, the method's efficiency is compared with previous studies, particularly regarding performance in noisy conditions.

及时发现电力变压器绝缘故障对防止变压器损坏、停电和经济损失至关重要。在具有复杂绕组的变压器中定位局部放电（PD）源是一项重大挑战，会导致绝缘失效。本文提出了一种将学习向量量化（LVQ）网络与频率响应分析（FRA）相结合的新方法，即使在嘈杂的环境中，也可以在不使用噪声抑制技术的情况下沿绕组定位pd。该方法采用向量拟合的方法得到分段绕组传递函数（swtf）。将高斯函数注入到每个SWTF中，并捕获响应作为PD参考信号来训练LVQ网络。此外，将来自校准器的5000 pC PD测试脉冲注入到随机选择的实验室绕组截面中，同时将行矩形波注入到通过矢量拟合从FRA获得的估计swtf中。所得到的响应被用作PD测试信号，以评估所提出的方法跨越各种PD脉冲波形。仿真和实验结果表明，该方法在高背景噪声条件下取得了较好的定位效果，显著提高了PD定位精度。最后，将该方法的效率与以往的研究进行了比较，特别是在噪声条件下的性能。

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引用次数: 0

Ensemble adversarial training-based robust model for multi-horizon dynamic line rating forecasting against adversarial attacks 基于集成对抗训练的多视界动态线路评级预测鲁棒模型

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111289

Najmul Alam , M.A. Rahman , Md. Rashidul Islam , M.J. Hossain

Dynamic line rating (DLR) forecasting is critical in the effective and economical utilization of overhead lines (OHLs) in smart grids, which facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources and reduces infrastructure upgrade costs. The forecasting techniques used for DLR rely on weather data collected from sensors as well as data communication, which can introduce a potential vulnerability to adversarial attacks. Hence, this work utilizes extreme gradient boosting (XgBoost), categorical boosting (CatBoost), and random forest as ensemble learning techniques for multi-horizon forecasting, while investigating their vulnerability by introducing adversarial attacks using two different attack models with variable data contamination and perturbations. Additionally, ensemble adversarial training (EAT)-based countermeasure is proposed for robust and accurate DLR forecasting. Experimental results indicate the outperformance of the CatBoost method compared to XgBoost and random forest models under normal conditions, while highlighting the vulnerability of all models to adversarial attacks in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The proposed CatBoost with EAT significantly mitigates the impacts of adversarial attacks and retains accuracy under normal conditions. This research contributes to developing an accurate, cyber-resilience, and reliable forecasting methodology for line rating technology, leading towards academic and industrial developments in smart grids.

动态线路额定值（DLR）预测对于智能电网架空线路的有效和经济利用至关重要，有助于可再生能源的整合，降低基础设施升级成本。用于DLR的预报技术依赖于从传感器收集的天气数据以及数据通信，这可能会引入对抗性攻击的潜在漏洞。因此，这项工作利用极端梯度增强（XgBoost）、分类增强（CatBoost）和随机森林作为多水平预测的集成学习技术，同时通过使用两种不同的攻击模型引入具有可变数据污染和扰动的对抗性攻击来研究它们的脆弱性。此外，提出了基于集成对抗训练（EAT）的对抗策略，以实现鲁棒和准确的DLR预测。实验结果表明，在正常条件下，CatBoost方法优于XgBoost和随机森林模型，同时突出了所有模型在均方根误差（RMSE）和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）方面对对抗性攻击的脆弱性。提出的CatBoost与EAT显著减轻了对抗性攻击的影响，并在正常条件下保持精度。这项研究有助于为线路评级技术开发一种准确、网络弹性和可靠的预测方法，从而引领智能电网的学术和工业发展。

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引用次数: 0

Learning-based state estimation in distribution systems with limited real-time measurements 有限实时测量的配电系统中基于学习的状态估计

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111268

J.G. De la Varga, S. Pineda, J.M. Morales, A. Porras

The task of state estimation in active distribution systems faces a major challenge due to the integration of different measurements with multiple reporting rates. As a result, distribution systems are essentially unobservable in real time, indicating the existence of multiple states that result in identical values for the available measurements. Certain existing approaches utilize historical data to infer the relationship between real-time available measurements and the state. Other learning-based methods aim to estimate the measurements acquired with a delay, generating pseudo-measurements. Our paper presents a methodology that utilizes the outcome of an underdetermined state estimator of an unobservable network state estimator to exploit information on the joint probability distribution between real-time available measurements and delayed ones to generate new physics-informed interpretable features. Through numerical simulations conducted on two realistic distribution grids of different size with insufficient real-time measurements, the proposed procedure showcases superior performance compared to existing state forecasting approaches and those relying on inferred pseudo-measurements.

由于不同测量值与多个报告率的集成，使有源配电系统的状态估计工作面临重大挑战。因此，分配系统本质上是不可实时观察的，这表明存在多种状态，这些状态导致可用测量值相同。某些现有的方法利用历史数据来推断实时可用测量值与状态之间的关系。其他基于学习的方法旨在估计具有延迟的测量值，从而产生伪测量值。我们的论文提出了一种方法，该方法利用不可观察网络状态估计器的待定状态估计器的结果来利用实时可用测量值和延迟测量值之间的联合概率分布信息来生成新的物理信息可解释特征。通过对两个不同规模的实际配电网进行的数值模拟，与现有的状态预测方法和依赖于推断的伪测量的方法相比，所提出的方法显示出优越的性能。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid control system for cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverter based shunt active filter for photovoltaic generation 光伏发电并联有源滤波器级联h桥多电平逆变器混合控制系统

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111248

Nabil Karania , Mohamad Alaaeddin Alali , Stefano Di Gennaro , Jean-Pierre Barbot

This article presents a hybrid controller developed for a Shunt Active Filter (SAF) with Photovoltaic (PV) generation Structure. This structure, referred to as (PV-SAF/CHB-PN), uses a Multi-Level Inverter (MLI)-type-Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) to realize several aspects: i- Increase the apparent switching frequency. ii- Generate approximately sinusoidal output voltage. iii- Minimize the output filter size. The hybrid controller, implemented via Petri Nets (PNs), optimizes the dispatch commitment among the H-Bridge modules and the arms of each modules. Thus, to compensate for perturbations, while generating the MPPT pf the PV panels, a PN current controller combined with a new analytical Hysteresis control approach, is employed. Meanwhile, a PN voltage controller balances the DC voltages across of the MLI-CHB inputs and achieves a practical stability using the Lyapunov method. The PV generators are integrated, via DC/DC converters, into the DC side of the SAF. Hence, Model Predictive Controller based Perturb and Observe (MPC-Based P&O-MPPT) algorithm optimizes the MPPT extraction without drift phenomena.

Finally, a case study for textile factory using real measurements via power quality analyzers, demonstrates the effectiveness of 3 CHB modules structure in mitigating harmonic impacts of the main textile machine of (SL-50 kVA), validating the hybrid controller, and integrating green energy.

本文提出了一种针对并联有源滤波器（SAF）的混合控制器。这种结构称为（PV-SAF/CHB- pn），它使用多级逆变器（MLI）型级联h桥（CHB）来实现几个方面：1 -提高表观开关频率。ii-产生近似正弦输出电压。最小化输出滤波器的大小。通过Petri网（PNs）实现的混合控制器优化了H-Bridge模块和每个模块臂之间的调度承诺。因此，为了补偿微扰，在产生PV面板的最大功率时，采用了PN电流控制器和新的分析滞后控制方法相结合的方法。同时，PN电压控制器平衡MLI-CHB输入的直流电压，并使用李雅普诺夫方法实现实用的稳定性。PV发电机通过DC/DC转换器集成到SAF的DC侧。因此，基于模型预测控制器的扰动和观察（MPC-Based P&O-MPPT）算法优化了MPPT的提取，没有漂移现象。最后，以纺织工厂为例，通过电能质量分析仪的实际测量，验证了3个CHB模块结构在减轻（SL-50 kVA）主纺织机谐波影响、验证混合控制器和集成绿色能源方面的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of reliability and resilience in wind integrated power systems using 80 meter mast measurements 用80米桅杆测量评估风力综合发电系统的可靠性和弹性

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111263

Samita Rani Pani , Rajat Kanti Samal

Renewable energy sources, especially wind turbine generators, are increasingly considered viable alternatives to conventional electric power generation due to their sustainability and positive environmental impact. The rising penetration of wind power highlights the importance of developing widely applicable methods to evaluate the concrete benefits of incorporating wind turbines into traditional power systems. This work proposes an approach for assessing the reliability and resilience of power systems incorporating wind power. Evaluating the impact of wind energy generation on system reliability involves analyzing metrics such as Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS). Additionally, a conceptual framework is developed which is aimed at enhancing the evaluation of power system resilience, when subjected to severe wind events. To evaluate the impact of wind storms on network resilience, a Monte Carlo Optimal Power Flow approach is utilized. The Average Energy Not Supplied (AENS) is used as the resilience metric and is computed for different rated speeds of wind turbines. The proposed methods for evaluating the reliability and resilience of the power systems are tested using the IEEE-RTS 24 bus system. Real-time wind resource data measured at an 80-meters mast at Paradeep location in the Odisha state on the east coast of India are used to evaluate the indices.

可再生能源，特别是风力涡轮发电机，由于其可持续性和积极的环境影响，越来越被认为是传统发电的可行替代品。风力发电的日益普及突出了开发广泛适用的方法来评估将风力涡轮机纳入传统电力系统的具体效益的重要性。这项工作提出了一种评估纳入风力发电的电力系统的可靠性和弹性的方法。评估风能发电对系统可靠性的影响包括分析负荷预期损失（LOLE）和预期未供电（EENS）等指标。此外，还开发了一个概念性框架，旨在加强对遭受严重风力事件时电力系统恢复力的评估。为了评估风暴对电网弹性的影响，采用蒙特卡罗最优潮流方法。采用平均不供能（AENS）作为弹性指标，对不同额定风速的风力发电机进行计算。采用IEEE-RTS 24总线系统对所提出的电力系统可靠性和弹性评估方法进行了测试。在印度东海岸奥里萨邦Paradeep地点的80米桅杆上测量的实时风资源数据用于评估指数。

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引用次数: 0