Electric Power Systems Research最新文献

Investigation of GLM detections of negative continuing currents observed by high-speed video and narrow-band 777 nm photometer 通过高速视频和窄带 777 nm 光度计观测负续流的 GLM 检测研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111250

J. Roncancio, J. Montanyà, J. López, M. Urbani, O. van der Velde

Lightning flashes with continuing currents are characterized by high energy transfer to ground that produces severe damage to electric power systems. Novel space-based optical lightning detection systems offer new possibilities to identify flashes with continuing currents. In this work, we analyze the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) detections of ten negative cloud-to-ground flashes observed from ground by a high-speed camera and a photometer. Results show that 10 out of 25 of the observed negative CG flashes produced continuing currents. In 6 out of 11 of the observed continuing currents, GLM provided more than four consecutive detections of events. The average duration of continuous detection of GLM events during continuing currents represents 10 % of the total duration of the continuing currents. The GLM detection limits compared with ground-based-optical instruments is related to the GLM sensitivity threshold. Additional Colombia Lightning Mapping Array data revealed that in-cloud positive leaders associated with the continuing currents propagate at low altitudes, corresponding to the midlevel negative charge region. The development of these leaders at low altitudes, along with weaker negative continuing currents levels compared to positive flashes, makes them challenging to detect by GLM. This work provides insights into the interpretation of space-based continuing currents optical detection.

持续电流闪电的特点是向地面传递高能量，对电力系统造成严重破坏。新型天基光学闪电探测系统为识别带持续电流的闪电提供了新的可能性。在这项工作中，我们分析了地球静止闪电成像仪（GLM）对从地面用高速照相机和光度计观测到的 10 次负云层对地闪电的探测结果。结果表明，在观测到的 25 次负云层对地闪光中，有 10 次产生了持续电流。在观测到的 11 次持续电流中，有 6 次 GLM 对事件进行了超过 4 次的连续探测。在持续电流中连续探测到 GLM 事件的平均持续时间占持续电流总持续时间的 10%。与地基光学仪器相比，全球定位系统的探测极限与全球定位系统的灵敏度阈值有关。哥伦比亚闪电绘图阵列的其他数据显示，与续流相关的云内正引线在低空传播，与中层负电荷区域相对应。与正闪相比，这些云内正引线在低海拔地区的发展以及较弱的持续负电流水平，使其很难被 GLM 检测到。这项工作为解释天基续流光学探测提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Business and pricing models for smart energy at building level: A Review 楼宇智能能源的商业和定价模式：回顾

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111196

Fabio Lilliu , Marco Pietrobon , Diego Reforgiato Recupero

The transition that energy grids have undergone in recent decades has brought significant changes: grid users can now produce energy as well as consume it, allowing energy to flow in both directions. Due to this and the evolution of appliances, prosumers (users that produce and consume energy) can now shift their energy loads in time and amount, providing what is known as energy flexibility. In return, energy flexibility allows users to assist energy providers through a process known as demand response. Additionally, the ability of grid users to both produce and consume energy has led to the rise of new structures like energy communities. These innovations have paved the way for new business and pricing models, enabling prosumers to obtain benefits for assisting providers, financially exploit flexibility, and regulate interactions in energy communities. This work aims to analyze and review novel business models in smart energy. Although there are many levels at which this transition has evolved the grid, one of the main changes has been enabling buildings to become energy producers. Specifically, this paper will concentrate on three main areas of interest: energy flexibility, demand response, and energy communities. It provides a comprehensive review of novel business models related to these topics, including both relevant reviews and actual novel business or pricing models that have been proposed in the past. We defined some features to classify these papers and that we used to carry out a comparative analysis of the retrieved papers. We discuss the overall findings, highlighting common patterns and similarities between the models.

近几十年来，能源网经历的转型带来了重大变化：电网用户现在既能生产能源，也能消费能源，从而实现了能源的双向流动。正因为如此，再加上电器的发展，用户（生产和消费能源的用户）现在可以在时间和数量上转移其能源负荷，这就是所谓的能源灵活性。作为回报，能源灵活性允许用户通过一种称为需求响应的过程来协助能源提供商。此外，电网用户生产和消费能源的能力也导致了能源社区等新结构的兴起。这些创新为新的商业和定价模式铺平了道路，使专业消费者能够通过协助供应商获得利益，在经济上利用灵活性，并调节能源社区中的互动。这项工作旨在分析和审查智能能源领域的新型商业模式。尽管电网的转型发展涉及多个层面，但其中一个主要变化是使建筑物成为能源生产者。具体而言，本文将重点关注三大领域：能源灵活性、需求响应和能源社区。本文全面回顾了与这些主题相关的新型商业模式，包括相关评论和过去提出的实际新型商业或定价模式。我们定义了一些特征来对这些论文进行分类，并利用这些特征对检索到的论文进行比较分析。我们讨论了总体研究结果，强调了模型之间的共同模式和相似之处。

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引用次数: 0

Improved electrogeometric model for shielding failure evaluation of double-circuit UHVAC transmission lines based on leader propagation simulations 基于领导者传播模拟的双回路超高压交流输电线路屏蔽失效评估的改进型电地理模型

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111240

Ziwei Ma , Jasronita Jasni , Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir , Norhafiz Azis , Yanhua Ma

Both the conventional electrogeometric method (EGM) and leader propagation method (LPM) exhibit deficiencies in predicting the shielding failure (SF) performance of UHV transmission lines (TLs). This paper is dedicated to propose an improved EGM (IEGM) model based on LPM simulations. Firstly, a finite element leader inception and propagation model (FEM-LPM) for lightning attachment to a double-circuit UHVAC TL was developed. Secondly, the effects of operating voltage, downward leader (DL) lateral distance, conductor sag, and terrains on the striking distance (SD) were analyzed using this LPM-FEM model. Simulations show that the operating voltage increases the SD of the ground wire. The increase in DL lateral distance slightly increases the upper phase SD. Increases in both conductor sag and slope cause an increase in exposure width of phase lines, which reduces the SF performance of the TL. Finally, an IEGM model adapted to different slope was proposed based on simulations, and the shielding failure rate (SFR) of the TL calculated based on this IEGM model is close to the field observations of a real case. Due to the lack of more statistics on SFR so far, the model is expected to be validated by more practical cases in the future.

在预测超高压输电线路（TL）的屏蔽失效（SF）性能方面，传统的电地法（EGM）和领导者传播法（LPM）都存在缺陷。本文致力于在 LPM 仿真的基础上提出一种改进的 EGM（IEGM）模型。首先，针对雷电附着在双回路特高压交流输电线路上的情况，开发了一种有限元领导萌发和传播模型（FEM-LPM）。其次，利用该 LPM-FEM 模型分析了工作电压、引下线（DL）横向距离、导体下垂和地形对雷击距离（SD）的影响。模拟结果表明，工作电压会增加地线的击穿距离。DL 侧向距离的增加会略微增加上相 SD。导体下垂和坡度的增加会导致相线暴露宽度增加，从而降低 TL 的 SF 性能。最后，在模拟的基础上提出了适应不同坡度的 IEGM 模型，根据该 IEGM 模型计算出的 TL 屏蔽故障率（SFR）与实际案例的现场观测结果接近。由于目前缺乏更多关于 SFR 的统计数据，该模型有望在未来通过更多实际案例得到验证。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced resilience in smart grids: A neural network-based detection of data integrity attacks using improved war strategy optimization 增强智能电网的复原力：利用改进的战争策略优化，基于神经网络检测数据完整性攻击

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111249

H. Asadi Aghajari , T. Niknam , S.M. Sharifhosseini , M.H. Taabodi , Motahareh Pourbehzadi

Ensuring the resilience and security of Smart Grid (SG) infrastructure is critical for sustainable energy management. This paper proposes a new probabilistic approach for identifying Data Integrity Attacks (DIAs), targeting decentralized consensus-based energy management algorithms. The method uniquely combines Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with an Improved War Strategy Optimization Algorithm (IWSOA) to determine optimal weight and bias factors, offering superior performance compared to existing techniques. Key advantages include: 1) it functions using only transmitted information and network topology, eliminating the need for private data access; 2) it is cost-effective and can be integrated into existing algorithm execution modules; 3) enhanced detection accuracy, achieving up to 99.5 % detection rate with 10 hidden neurons. The proposed framework demonstrates robust performance across various attack scenarios, effectively identifying DIAs in both single and multiple iterations. In a case study using the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) system, the method successfully detected 99.5 % of attacks that would have resulted in a 21 % profit increase for the attacker, thereby protecting the system's integrity. This approach significantly enhances SG infrastructure's resilience against DIAs, contributing to more secure and sustainable energy management.

确保智能电网（SG）基础设施的弹性和安全性对于可持续能源管理至关重要。本文针对基于共识的分散式能源管理算法，提出了一种识别数据完整性攻击（DIA）的新概率方法。该方法独特地将人工神经网络（ANN）与改进战争策略优化算法（IWSOA）相结合，以确定最佳权重和偏置因子，与现有技术相比性能更优。主要优势包括1) 它仅使用传输信息和网络拓扑结构，无需访问私人数据；2) 成本效益高，可集成到现有算法执行模块中；3) 提高了检测精度，使用 10 个隐藏神经元时，检测率高达 99.5%。所提出的框架在各种攻击场景中都表现出了强大的性能，在单次和多次迭代中都能有效识别 DIA。在使用未来可再生能源电力输送与管理（FREEDM）系统进行的案例研究中，该方法成功检测到了 99.5% 的攻击，这些攻击会使攻击者的利润增加 21%，从而保护了系统的完整性。这种方法大大增强了 SG 基础设施抵御 DIA 的能力，有助于实现更安全、更可持续的能源管理。

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引用次数: 0

Overload mitigation for grid-forming inverters in islanded microgrids with synchronous generators 缓解带同步发电机的孤岛微电网中并网逆变器的过载问题

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111231

Jan Westman, Ramtin Hadidi

The prevalence of inverter based resources (IBRs) in microgrid applications continues to increase. However, energy storage remains costly and so parallel operation of IBRs and synchronous generators (SGs) is expected for microgrids requiring sustained, independent operation. Grid-forming (GFM) control for inverters can improve frequency stability in these low inertia environments, but only if poor transient load sharing does not cause the GFM IBRs to exceed current or power limits as demonstrated in recent literature. In this paper, an overload mitigation strategy for GFM IBRs to address the poor transient load sharing problem is proposed. The approach includes several key aspects. First, closed loop control of inverter currents without integrating a phase locked loop is used. Second, the logic of the mitigation strategy is designed to be non-intrusive so that proportional load sharing through GFM operation resumes following the event. Last, the overload mitigation strategy is validated in several simulations with both switching device and average value models of inverters using RTDS. The simulation results demonstrate successful mitigation of overloads and seamless integration of the strategy in-spite of the high level of penetration of IBRs in the study system.

基于逆变器的资源（IBR）在微电网应用中的普及率不断提高。然而，储能的成本仍然很高，因此在需要持续、独立运行的微电网中，IBR 和同步发电机（SG）有望并行运行。逆变器的并网（GFM）控制可以改善这些低惯性环境中的频率稳定性，但前提是，正如最近的文献所证明的那样，不良的瞬态负载分担不会导致 GFM IBR 超过电流或功率限制。本文提出了一种用于 GFM IBR 的过载缓解策略，以解决瞬态负载分担能力差的问题。该方法包括几个关键方面。首先，采用逆变器电流闭环控制，无需集成锁相环。其次，缓解策略的逻辑设计为非侵入式，以便在事件发生后通过 GFM 运行恢复比例负载分担。最后，利用 RTDS 对开关设备和逆变器平均值模型进行了多次仿真，验证了过载缓解策略。模拟结果表明，尽管研究系统中 IBR 的渗透率很高，但该策略仍成功地缓解了过载并实现了无缝集成。

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引用次数: 0

Quasi-dynamic optimal power sharing in isolated DC microgrids 孤立直流微电网中的准动态优化功率共享

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111222

Alejandro Garcés-Ruiz , Walter Gil-González , Oscar Danilo Montoya

This paper presents an optimization framework for solving the quasi-dynamic optimal power sharing problem in isolated DC microgrids. Said framework involves estimating the nodal-admittance matrix for a reduced model that includes nodes with inverter-based renewable resources. This estimation is not precise, so the uncertainty in the model is directly addressed in the optimization problem by incorporating robust constraints. Different properties of the estimation and optimization algorithms are mathematically studied, and the simulation results obtained in a test system are outlined, wherein the grid is represented by a full dynamic model and the optimization and control correspond to the proposed quasi-dynamic model. Both theoretical and simulation results demonstrate the high performance of the proposed framework.

本文提出了一个优化框架，用于解决孤立直流微电网中的准动态优化功率共享问题。该框架包括估算一个缩小模型的节点导纳矩阵，该模型包括具有基于逆变器的可再生资源的节点。这种估算并不精确，因此模型中的不确定性将通过加入鲁棒约束直接在优化问题中得到解决。对估算和优化算法的不同特性进行了数学研究，并概述了在测试系统中获得的仿真结果，其中电网由全动态模型表示，优化和控制则与所提出的准动态模型相对应。理论和仿真结果都证明了拟议框架的高性能。

引用次数: 0

Demand flexibility in hydrogen production by incorporating electrical and physical parameters 结合电气和物理参数，灵活满足制氢需求

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111213

Mohd Asim Aftab , Vipin Chandra Pandey , S. Gokul Krishnan , Faraz Mir , Gerrit Rolofs , Emeka Chukwureh , Shehab Ahmed , Charalambos Konstantinou

The increasing integration of intermittent and uncertain renewable energy resources into the electric grid presents significant challenges for maintaining grid reliability, highlighting the need for flexible resources to balance demand and supply. This paper presents a novel hydrogen electrolyzer-based framework for inducing demand flexibility considering both electrical and physical parameter variations. Hydrogen generation is modeled using Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) and Alkaline (AEL) electrolysis processes on a real-time digital simulator (RTDS), establishing correlations between power variations and electrical and physical parameters. Building on this, a stochastic optimization framework is developed, incorporating hydrogen systems, photovoltaic (PV), and battery energy storage systems (BESS) to assess the techno-economic performance within the grid. The proposed framework is formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem that accounts for AC network constraints. The individual performances of PEM and AEL electrolyzers are evaluated based on their distinct characteristics. Results demonstrate that varying both electrical and physical parameters enable hydrogen electrolyzers to effectively induce demand flexibility. Furthermore, simulations with and without PV and BESS in the IEEE-9 bus network demonstrate that hydrogen electrolyzers can significantly enhance grid flexibility while reducing system costs, reinforcing their role in supporting overall grid stability and efficiency.

间歇性和不确定性可再生能源越来越多地并入电网，这给维持电网可靠性带来了巨大挑战，突出表明需要灵活的资源来平衡供需。本文提出了一种基于电解槽的新型氢气框架，用于在考虑电气和物理参数变化的情况下诱导需求灵活性。在实时数字模拟器（RTDS）上使用质子交换膜（PEM）和碱性（AEL）电解过程对制氢过程进行建模，建立功率变化与电气和物理参数之间的相关性。在此基础上，开发了一个随机优化框架，将氢气系统、光伏（PV）和电池储能系统（BESS）纳入其中，以评估电网内的技术经济性能。所提出的框架被表述为一个非线性优化问题，其中考虑了交流网络约束。根据 PEM 和 AEL 电解槽的不同特性，对其各自的性能进行了评估。结果表明，通过改变电气和物理参数，氢电解槽可以有效提高需求灵活性。此外，在 IEEE-9 总线网络中使用和不使用 PV 和 BESS 的模拟结果表明，氢气电解器可以显著提高电网灵活性，同时降低系统成本，从而加强其在支持整体电网稳定性和效率方面的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Market-based optimization of integrated energy systems: Modeling and analysis of multi-carrier energy networks 基于市场的综合能源系统优化：多载波能源网络的建模与分析

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111245

Jui-Chan Huang, Hui-Ching Cheng, Ming-Hung Shu, Hsiao-Chun Huang

The integration of cogeneration plants and energy conversion facilities has ushered in a new era for energy systems, presenting opportunities and challenges in efficient operation and management. In this evolving landscape, there is a growing need for mathematical models and analytical methods to understand the complex dynamics between energy flows and strategic behaviors in multi-carrier energy systems. This article explores an integrated thermal and electrical energy distribution system from a market perspective, aiming to deepen understanding of these complex networks. The study resolves the electricity market by accounting for network losses using a nonlinear optimal alternating current (AC) electric load distribution model. Given the computational complexities, a polyhedral outer approximation of the second-order cone and convex relaxation techniques are employed to derive a linear market settlement model. Additionally, an optimal heat load distribution model is developed, pricing the heat market based on regional marginal costs. The market equilibrium, viewed as the intersection of optimal electrical and thermal load distribution, is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Case studies demonstrate the model's ability to capture the complexity of integrated systems and its practical application in real-world scenarios, revealing the impact of elastic loads and strategic supplier behavior on market dynamics. The analysis suggests that adopting this innovative approach can potentially result in a 50 % improvement in energy utilization and a 35 % reduction in peak demand.

热电厂和能源转换设施的整合为能源系统开创了一个新时代，为高效运营和管理带来了机遇和挑战。在这种不断发展的形势下，人们越来越需要数学模型和分析方法来理解多载体能源系统中能量流和战略行为之间的复杂动态。本文从市场角度探讨了一个综合热能和电能分配系统，旨在加深对这些复杂网络的理解。该研究通过使用非线性最优交流（AC）电力负荷分配模型来考虑网络损耗，从而解决电力市场问题。考虑到计算的复杂性，研究采用了二阶锥的多面体外近似和凸松弛技术来推导线性市场结算模型。此外，还开发了一个最优热负荷分配模型，根据区域边际成本对热市场进行定价。市场均衡被视为最优电力和热负荷分配的交叉点，被重新表述为混合整数线性规划（MILP）模型。案例研究展示了该模型捕捉集成系统复杂性的能力，以及在现实世界中的实际应用，揭示了弹性负荷和战略供应商行为对市场动态的影响。分析表明，采用这种创新方法有可能使能源利用率提高 50%，高峰需求减少 35%。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-layer coordinated frequency control strategy for WTGs and energy storage considering system inertia requirement 考虑系统惯性要求的风电机组和储能多层协调频率控制策略

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111190

Meng Lingcong , Qin Chao , Hongtao Liu , Ligang Zhao , Huifan Xie , Hongyue Zhen

Given the intimate correlation between the inertia response ability of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and their operational statuses, it becomes imperative to analyze the inertia contribution from wind farms across varying wind speeds and establish the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) security boundary. Such endeavors are crucial for grid operators to assess the system's ability to withstand disturbances. This paper proposes a multi-layer frequency control method for hybrid wind power and energy storage (ES) systems. All WTGs and ESs in the wind farm are divided into several clusters. At the wind farm layer, the wind farm control center quantitatively assesses the maximum inertia that the wind farm can provide based on real-time wind speed and the operational status of WTGs, and communicates this information to the grid control center. At the grid layer, the power system operators establish the security boundary related to the RoCoF based on the inertia level of the wind farm and synchronous generators, thereby continuously evaluating the system's ability to withstand disturbances in real-time. In the event of significant disturbances (N-1 event), the power system dispatch center issues instructions to the wind farm, specifying the required level of inertia to be provided. The wind farm, in turn, coordinates the allocation of inertia among WTGs and ESs based on the dispatch center's instructions and considers the operational status of different WTGs, while tracking the system control commands. Through this approach, the inertia response ability of different WTGs and ESs can be fully utilized to enhance the transient frequency characteristics of the grid.

鉴于风力涡轮发电机（WTGs）的惯性响应能力与其运行状态密切相关，因此分析风电场在不同风速下的惯性贡献并确定频率变化率（RoCoF）安全边界变得势在必行。这些工作对于电网运营商评估系统抗干扰能力至关重要。本文针对风电和储能（ES）混合系统提出了一种多层频率控制方法。风电场中的所有风电机组和储能系统被划分为多个群组。在风电场层，风电场控制中心根据实时风速和风电机组的运行状态，定量评估风电场可提供的最大惯量，并将此信息传递给电网控制中心。在电网层，电力系统运营商根据风电场和同步发电机的惯性水平建立与 RoCoF 相关的安全边界，从而持续实时评估系统抵御干扰的能力。在发生重大扰动（N-1 事件）时，电力系统调度中心会向风电场发出指令，规定需要提供的惯性水平。风电场则根据调度中心的指令，在跟踪系统控制命令的同时，考虑不同风电机组的运行状态，协调风电机组和 ES 之间的惯性分配。通过这种方法，可以充分利用不同风电机组和风电设备的惯性响应能力，提高电网的瞬态频率特性。

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引用次数: 0

Fault diagnosis of ship power grid based on attentional feature fusion and multi-scale 1D convolution 基于注意特征融合和多尺度一维卷积的船舶电网故障诊断

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111232

Yabo Cui , Rongjie Wang , Jianfeng Wang , Yichun Wang , Shiqi Zhang , Yupeng Si

The Ship Integrated Power System (SIPS) is evolving into a sophisticated network with prediction and active control functions, so accurate localization and identification of faults are crucial for the stable operation of the SIPS. The complex topology of power supply lines in ship power grids presents challenges in accurately locating and identifying faults. This paper presents a fault diagnosis model for the ship power grid based on attention feature fusion and multi-scale 1D convolutional neural network (AFF-MS-1DCNN), which can identify the fault type and locate the fault location only by using the three-phase currents of the busbar at the power supply output. By using the multi-scale 1DCNN, the method can effectively extract fault features on different scales. Furthermore, an attention mechanism is utilized to adaptively learn the weights of different features to enhance fault diagnosis precision. A transfer learning strategy is also applied to address variations in fault resistance. The experimental results demonstrate that the fault diagnosis accuracy of the AFF-MS-1DCNN model exceeds 98% under different fault resistance conditions, and it exhibits robust diagnostic performance even in the presence of noise interference.

船舶综合电力系统（SIPS）正在发展成为一个具有预测和主动控制功能的复杂网络，因此准确定位和识别故障对于 SIPS 的稳定运行至关重要。船舶电网中的供电线路拓扑结构复杂，给准确定位和识别故障带来了挑战。本文提出了一种基于注意力特征融合和多尺度一维卷积神经网络（AFF-MS-1DCNN）的船舶电网故障诊断模型，该模型仅通过电源输出端母线的三相电流就能识别故障类型并定位故障位置。通过使用多尺度 1DCNN，该方法可有效提取不同尺度的故障特征。此外，还利用注意力机制自适应学习不同特征的权重，以提高故障诊断精度。此外，还采用了迁移学习策略来处理故障电阻的变化。实验结果表明，在不同的故障电阻条件下，AFF-MS-1DCNN 模型的故障诊断准确率超过 98%，即使在存在噪声干扰的情况下，也能表现出稳健的诊断性能。

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引用次数: 0