Digital twin with automatic disturbance detection for an expert-controlled SAG mill

This study presents the development and validation of a digital twin for a semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill controlled by an expert system. The digital twin integrates three key components of the closed-loop operation: (1) fuzzy logic for expert control, (2) a state-space model for regulatory control, and (3) a recurrent neural network to simulate the SAG mill process. The digital twin is combined with a statistical framework for automatically detecting process disturbances (or critical operations), which triggers model retraining only when deviations from expected behavior are identified, ensuring continuous updates with new data to enhance the SAG supervision. The model was trained with 68 h of operational industrial data and validated with an additional 8 h, allowing it to predict mill behavior within a 2.5-min horizon at 30-s intervals with errors smaller than 5%.