Hardware-Feasible and Efficient N-Type Organic Neuromorphic Signal Recognition via Reservoir Computing

Organic electrochemical synaptic transistors (OESTs), inspired by the biological nervous system, have garnered increasing attention due to their multifunctional applications in neuromorphic computing. However, the practical implementation of OESTs for signal recognition—particularly those utilizing n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs)—still faces significant challenges at the hardware level. Here, a state-of-the-art small-molecule n-type OEST integrated within a physically simple and hardware feasible reservoir-computing (RC) framework for practical temporal signal recognition is presented. This integration is achieved by leveraging the adjustable synaptic properties of the n-OEST, which exhibits tunable nonlinear short-term memory, transitioning from volatility to nonvolatility, and demonstrating adaptive temporal specificity. Additionally, the nonvolatile OEST offers 256 conductance levels and a wide dynamic range (≈147) in long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD), surpassing previously reported n-OESTs. By combining volatile n-OESTs as reservoirs with a single-layer perceptron readout composed of nonvolatile n-OEST networks, this physical RC system achieves substantial recognition accuracy for both handwritten-digit images (94.9%) and spoken digit (90.7%), along with ultrahigh weight efficiency. Furthermore, this system demonstrates outstanding accuracy (98.0%) by grouped RC in practical sleep monitoring, specifically in snoring recognition. Here, a reliable pathway for OMIEC-driven computing is presented to advance bioinspired hardware-based neuromorphic computing in the physical world.