Kangle Xue , Pengbo Zhang , Zidie Song , Fanjun Guo , Zibo Hua , Tao You , Shumao Li , Chao Cui , Li Liu
{"title":"通过双重固化机制制备具有超高玻璃化转变温度的丁香酚基阻燃环氧树脂","authors":"Kangle Xue , Pengbo Zhang , Zidie Song , Fanjun Guo , Zibo Hua , Tao You , Shumao Li , Chao Cui , Li Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.111092","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eugenol epoxy resin, as one of the most promising biobased epoxy resins, still faces problems of insufficient heat resistance, high flammability, and complicated synthesis processes. Based on the principles of the Diels–Alder (D-A) addition reaction and epoxy-amine open-loop crosslinking, the EUEP epoxy monomer (EUEP) was synthesized, and ternary cocuring (EUEP-BDM-DDS) was performed with bismaleimide (BDM) and the high-temperature curing agent 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl sulfone (DDS). The resulting system exhibited an exceptional glass transition temperature (T<sub>g</sub>) of 306 °C, surpassing other eugenol epoxies and commercial bisphenol A epoxies. EUEP-BDM-DDS demonstrated superior mechanical properties with high moduli (up to 4.14 GPa for tensile and 4.10 GPa for flexural). Its processing characteristics were also favorable, featuring a long pot-life, low viscosity, and suitable for all operating processes of traditional DGEBA-DDS systems. In addition, the formation of rigid six-membered rings during curing and the higher cross-linking density gave the resin system excellent flame retardant properties, with a limit oxygen index of 33.5 % and passing the V-0 class test of UL-94. The system exhibited significantly lower peak heat release and smoke release rates compared to DGEBA-DDS, indicating enhanced fire safety. And the analysis revealed a coacervated flame retardant mechanism. Moreover, the composite material derived from EUEP-BDM-DDS displayed improved interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, and high-temperature mechanical properties, outperforming the DGEBA-DDS system. This study paves the way for utilizing biobased eugenol epoxy resins in advanced composite materials, offering enhanced performance and fire safety. It holds significant implications for promoting the application of biobased materials in high-performance composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111092"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Preparation of eugenol-based flame retardant epoxy resin with an ultrahigh glass transition temperature via a dual-curing mechanism\",\"authors\":\"Kangle Xue , Pengbo Zhang , Zidie Song , Fanjun Guo , Zibo Hua , Tao You , Shumao Li , Chao Cui , Li Liu\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.111092\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Eugenol epoxy resin, as one of the most promising biobased epoxy resins, still faces problems of insufficient heat resistance, high flammability, and complicated synthesis processes. Based on the principles of the Diels–Alder (D-A) addition reaction and epoxy-amine open-loop crosslinking, the EUEP epoxy monomer (EUEP) was synthesized, and ternary cocuring (EUEP-BDM-DDS) was performed with bismaleimide (BDM) and the high-temperature curing agent 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl sulfone (DDS). The resulting system exhibited an exceptional glass transition temperature (T<sub>g</sub>) of 306 °C, surpassing other eugenol epoxies and commercial bisphenol A epoxies. EUEP-BDM-DDS demonstrated superior mechanical properties with high moduli (up to 4.14 GPa for tensile and 4.10 GPa for flexural). Its processing characteristics were also favorable, featuring a long pot-life, low viscosity, and suitable for all operating processes of traditional DGEBA-DDS systems. In addition, the formation of rigid six-membered rings during curing and the higher cross-linking density gave the resin system excellent flame retardant properties, with a limit oxygen index of 33.5 % and passing the V-0 class test of UL-94. The system exhibited significantly lower peak heat release and smoke release rates compared to DGEBA-DDS, indicating enhanced fire safety. And the analysis revealed a coacervated flame retardant mechanism. Moreover, the composite material derived from EUEP-BDM-DDS displayed improved interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, and high-temperature mechanical properties, outperforming the DGEBA-DDS system. This study paves the way for utilizing biobased eugenol epoxy resins in advanced composite materials, offering enhanced performance and fire safety. 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Preparation of eugenol-based flame retardant epoxy resin with an ultrahigh glass transition temperature via a dual-curing mechanism
Eugenol epoxy resin, as one of the most promising biobased epoxy resins, still faces problems of insufficient heat resistance, high flammability, and complicated synthesis processes. Based on the principles of the Diels–Alder (D-A) addition reaction and epoxy-amine open-loop crosslinking, the EUEP epoxy monomer (EUEP) was synthesized, and ternary cocuring (EUEP-BDM-DDS) was performed with bismaleimide (BDM) and the high-temperature curing agent 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl sulfone (DDS). The resulting system exhibited an exceptional glass transition temperature (Tg) of 306 °C, surpassing other eugenol epoxies and commercial bisphenol A epoxies. EUEP-BDM-DDS demonstrated superior mechanical properties with high moduli (up to 4.14 GPa for tensile and 4.10 GPa for flexural). Its processing characteristics were also favorable, featuring a long pot-life, low viscosity, and suitable for all operating processes of traditional DGEBA-DDS systems. In addition, the formation of rigid six-membered rings during curing and the higher cross-linking density gave the resin system excellent flame retardant properties, with a limit oxygen index of 33.5 % and passing the V-0 class test of UL-94. The system exhibited significantly lower peak heat release and smoke release rates compared to DGEBA-DDS, indicating enhanced fire safety. And the analysis revealed a coacervated flame retardant mechanism. Moreover, the composite material derived from EUEP-BDM-DDS displayed improved interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, and high-temperature mechanical properties, outperforming the DGEBA-DDS system. This study paves the way for utilizing biobased eugenol epoxy resins in advanced composite materials, offering enhanced performance and fire safety. It holds significant implications for promoting the application of biobased materials in high-performance composites.
期刊介绍：
Polymer Degradation and Stability deals with the degradation reactions and their control which are a major preoccupation of practitioners of the many and diverse aspects of modern polymer technology.
Deteriorative reactions occur during processing, when polymers are subjected to heat, oxygen and mechanical stress, and during the useful life of the materials when oxygen and sunlight are the most important degradative agencies. In more specialised applications, degradation may be induced by high energy radiation, ozone, atmospheric pollutants, mechanical stress, biological action, hydrolysis and many other influences. The mechanisms of these reactions and stabilisation processes must be understood if the technology and application of polymers are to continue to advance. The reporting of investigations of this kind is therefore a major function of this journal.
However there are also new developments in polymer technology in which degradation processes find positive applications. For example, photodegradable plastics are now available, the recycling of polymeric products will become increasingly important, degradation and combustion studies are involved in the definition of the fire hazards which are associated with polymeric materials and the microelectronics industry is vitally dependent upon polymer degradation in the manufacture of its circuitry. Polymer properties may also be improved by processes like curing and grafting, the chemistry of which can be closely related to that which causes physical deterioration in other circumstances.
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