T-regulatory cells and extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer’s disease: New therapeutic concepts and hypotheses

Cell-based treatment has experienced exponential expansion in recent years in terms of clinical application and market share among pharmaceutical companies. When malignant cells in a healthy individual produce antigenic peptides derived from mutant or improperly synthesized proteins, the immune system attacks and kills the transforming cells. This process is carried out continuously by immune cells scanning the body for altered cells that could cause some harm. T-regulatory cells (Tregs), which preserve immunological tolerance and can exert neuroprotective benefits in numerous disorders, including animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), have demonstrated considerable therapeutic potential. Evidence also suggests that not only Tregs, but extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in a wide range of diseases, such as cellular homoeostasis, infection propagation, cancer development and heart disease, and have become a promisor cell-based therapeutic field too. Nevertheless, despite significant recent clinical and commercial breakthroughs, cell-based medicines still confront numerous challenges that hinder their general translation and commercialization. These challenges include, but are not limited to, choosing the best cell source, and creating a product that is safe, adequately viable, and fits the needs of individual patients and diseases. Here, we summarize what we know about Tregs and EVs and their potential therapeutic usage in AD.