Cascading failure and recovery propagation of metro-bus double-layer network under time-varying passengers

This study proposes a dynamic model to elucidate the cascading failure and recovery propagation process under increased time-varying passenger flow. Firstly, a metro-bus double-layer network is constructed in which the increment of passenger flow fluctuation in each station is determined by its current connections. Then, we establish the cascading failure and recovery propagation model with two node failure states, failure and recovery propagation mechanism, and repair speed. The model considers the varying load of each node for the evolution process analysis under different load fluctuation. Finally, a real-world case study is conducted to examine the impact of three factors. The simulation results indicate the enhancements of initial load linear coefficient and node capacity lead to longer node repair time but shorter recovery propagation time. Faster repair speed can improve network lowest performance but shows a marginal decreasing trend. The findings have strategic implications for providing stable and efficient transportation services.